{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141982567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","title":"Generalized Least Energy of Separation for Desalination and Other Chemical Separation Processes","display_name":"Generalized Least Energy of Separation for Desalination and Other Chemical Separation Processes","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141982567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","mag":"2141982567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2046/pdf?version=1424785020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2046/pdf?version=1424785020","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049977660","display_name":"Karan H. Mistry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Mistry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056726834","display_name":"John H. Lienhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-0638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Lienhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.5774,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":120,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89382428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"2046","last_page":"2080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12008","display_name":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12008","display_name":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12074","display_name":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desalination","display_name":"Desalination","score":0.7192457318305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.7154791355133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exergy-efficiency","display_name":"Exergy efficiency","score":0.5878994464874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exergy","display_name":"Exergy","score":0.5532523989677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cogeneration","display_name":"Cogeneration","score":0.5480702519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.508581280708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4900461435317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-effect-distillation","display_name":"Multiple-effect distillation","score":0.4650878310203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-temperature-thermal-desalination","display_name":"Low-temperature thermal desalination","score":0.4302791953086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3988325893878937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3372907042503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation","display_name":"Electricity generation","score":0.2950204312801361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.2044222354888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20387324690818787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.19681385159492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1821938157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.15787866711616516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776870568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873","display_name":"Desalination","level":3,"score":0.7192457318305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.7154791355133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83119724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3070886","display_name":"Exergy efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5878994464874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113146524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663290","display_name":"Exergy","level":2,"score":0.5532523989677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776756539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221620","display_name":"Cogeneration","level":4,"score":0.5480702519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.508581280708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4900461435317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81637046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030722","display_name":"Multiple-effect distillation","level":4,"score":0.4650878310203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162386899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692787","display_name":"Low-temperature thermal desalination","level":4,"score":0.4302791953086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3988325893878937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3372907042503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2950204312801361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2044222354888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20387324690818787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19681385159492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1821938157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.15787866711616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2046/pdf?version=1424785020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2682f94b758645b78fded45866bae8ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2682f94b758645b78fded45866bae8ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 15, Iss 6, Pp 2046-2080 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/80326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MDPI Publishing","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/15/6/2046/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 2046-2080","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e15062046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e15062046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/6/2046/pdf?version=1424785020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8131463033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R13-CW-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2141982567.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2141982567.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W584840422","https://openalex.org/W1496654623","https://openalex.org/W1501756175","https://openalex.org/W1553709803","https://openalex.org/W1567902216","https://openalex.org/W1568299327","https://openalex.org/W1572112335","https://openalex.org/W1579978384","https://openalex.org/W1583683331","https://openalex.org/W1969980885","https://openalex.org/W1984144084","https://openalex.org/W1988121876","https://openalex.org/W1989039726","https://openalex.org/W1990439580","https://openalex.org/W1990622108","https://openalex.org/W1994438492","https://openalex.org/W1997821608","https://openalex.org/W2006070970","https://openalex.org/W2010660303","https://openalex.org/W2012270576","https://openalex.org/W2021273431","https://openalex.org/W2027748539","https://openalex.org/W2030348500","https://openalex.org/W2031173123","https://openalex.org/W2042663028","https://openalex.org/W2048376647","https://openalex.org/W2050600824","https://openalex.org/W2056697704","https://openalex.org/W2064247100","https://openalex.org/W2067849913","https://openalex.org/W2071401154","https://openalex.org/W2080828217","https://openalex.org/W2083495368","https://openalex.org/W2083856530","https://openalex.org/W2093559940","https://openalex.org/W2104762466","https://openalex.org/W2106133812","https://openalex.org/W2110988967","https://openalex.org/W2114960378","https://openalex.org/W2121397451","https://openalex.org/W2152644955","https://openalex.org/W2161499366","https://openalex.org/W2166186402","https://openalex.org/W2581535723","https://openalex.org/W2895846923","https://openalex.org/W2986856322","https://openalex.org/W7004980174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058397049","https://openalex.org/W3111314008","https://openalex.org/W2350865580","https://openalex.org/W2727137681","https://openalex.org/W3136650063","https://openalex.org/W2765142554","https://openalex.org/W4282916743","https://openalex.org/W4295804319","https://openalex.org/W4238646663","https://openalex.org/W4387574708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"global":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,36,52,101,136,184,190],"fresh":[4],"water":[5,107],"is":[6,57,67,94,151,199,202,227],"driving":[7],"the":[8,38,62,68,95,130,191,243],"development":[9],"and":[10,27,120,166,212,238],"implementation":[11],"of":[12,16,24,41,61,72,79,85,99,105,110,118,143,210],"a":[13,33,53,77,82,86,90,111,141,155,182,206,223],"wide":[14],"variety":[15],"seawater":[17],"desalination":[18,91,176,192],"technologies":[19,43],"driven":[20],"by":[21],"different":[22],"combinations":[23],"heat,":[25],"work,":[26],"chemical":[28,54,168],"energy.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"develops":[32],"consistent":[34],"basis":[35],"comparing":[37],"energy":[39,144,197],"consumption":[40],"such":[42,233],"using":[44,219],"Second":[45,49,131,187],"Law":[46,50,132,188],"efficiency.":[47],"The":[48,148],"efficiency":[51,133,189],"separation":[55,73,100],"process":[56],"defined":[58],"in":[59,116,179,251],"terms":[60,117],"useful":[63],"exergy":[64],"output,":[65],"which":[66],"minimum":[69,96],"least":[70,97],"work":[71,98,119,128,159],"required":[74],"to":[75,134,221,230],"extract":[76],"unit":[78],"product":[80,106],"from":[81,108,205],"feed":[83,109],"stream":[84],"given":[87,112],"composition.":[88],"For":[89],"process,":[92],"this":[93,127],"producing":[102],"one":[103],"kilogram":[104],"salinity.":[113],"While":[114],"definitions":[115],"heat":[121,161,247],"input":[122,248],"have":[123],"been":[124],"proposed":[125],"before,":[126],"generalizes":[129],"allow":[135],"systems":[137,232],"that":[138],"operate":[139,178],"on":[140,195,214],"combination":[142],"inputs,":[145],"including":[146],"fuel.":[147],"generalized":[149],"equation":[150],"then":[152],"evaluated":[153],"through":[154],"parametric":[156],"study":[157],"considering":[158],"input,":[160],"inputs":[162,198],"at":[163],"various":[164,167],"temperatures,":[165],"fuel":[169],"inputs.":[170],"Further,":[171],"since":[172],"most":[173],"modern,":[174],"large-scale":[175],"plants":[177],"cogeneration":[180,218],"schemes,":[181],"methodology":[183],"correctly":[185],"evaluating":[186],"plant":[193],"based":[194,213],"primary":[196],"demonstrated.":[200],"It":[201],"shown":[203],"that,":[204],"strictly":[207],"energetic":[208],"point":[209],"view":[211],"currently":[215],"available":[216],"technology,":[217],"electricity":[220],"power":[222],"reverse":[224],"osmosis":[225],"system":[226],"energetically":[228],"superior":[229],"thermal":[231],"as":[234],"multiple":[235],"effect":[236],"distillation":[237],"multistage":[239],"flash":[240],"distillation,":[241],"despite":[242],"very":[244],"low":[245],"grade":[246],"normally":[249],"applied":[250],"those":[252],"systems.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}