{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063479716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","title":"On Using Entropy for Enhancing Handwriting Preprocessing","display_name":"On Using Entropy for Enhancing Handwriting Preprocessing","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063479716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","mag":"2063479716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2324/pdf?version=1424784906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2324/pdf?version=1424784906","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034657358","display_name":"Andreas Holzinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Holzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022563118","display_name":"Christof Stocker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-7976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christof Stocker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075661926","display_name":"Bernhard Peischl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-7223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Peischl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Softnet Austria, Infeldgasse 16b, A-8010 Graz, Austria","Institute of Software Technology (7160)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Softnet Austria, Infeldgasse 16b, A-8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software Technology (7160)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111789061","display_name":"Klaus-Martin Simonic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus-Martin Simonic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit Human-Computer Interaction, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2/V, A-8036 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034657358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":4.1613,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94822829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2324","last_page":"2350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.8189694881439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7350984215736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stylus","display_name":"Stylus","score":0.6609306335449219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.6029728651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.48733147978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48401638865470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.4653186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42938661575317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4291069507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.42242249846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.1977194845676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1719771921634674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.8189694881439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7350984215736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164086593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227035","display_name":"Stylus","level":2,"score":0.6609306335449219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.6029728651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.48733147978782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48401638865470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.4653186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42938661575317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4291069507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.42242249846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.1977194845676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1719771921634674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2324/pdf?version=1424784906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:284c52a408e643fb8e28abd25a849fce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/284c52a408e643fb8e28abd25a849fce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 2324-2350 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/14/11/2324/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 14; Issue 11; Pages: 2324-2350","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2324/pdf?version=1424784906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315059","display_name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth","ror":"https://ror.org/029s7f567"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326047","display_name":"Amt der Steierm\u00e4rkischen Landesregierung","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063479716.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063479716.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142999316","https://openalex.org/W146564573","https://openalex.org/W208477312","https://openalex.org/W1493935830","https://openalex.org/W1498655523","https://openalex.org/W1499183562","https://openalex.org/W1513147563","https://openalex.org/W1521310247","https://openalex.org/W1532573643","https://openalex.org/W1534801705","https://openalex.org/W1553187377","https://openalex.org/W1587487090","https://openalex.org/W1637062360","https://openalex.org/W1859755998","https://openalex.org/W1860100119","https://openalex.org/W1862000004","https://openalex.org/W1931455442","https://openalex.org/W1969033665","https://openalex.org/W1990915430","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2006865857","https://openalex.org/W2010342578","https://openalex.org/W2027232868","https://openalex.org/W2032467855","https://openalex.org/W2047371816","https://openalex.org/W2049422624","https://openalex.org/W2055075080","https://openalex.org/W2082558327","https://openalex.org/W2100409056","https://openalex.org/W2106808671","https://openalex.org/W2108518773","https://openalex.org/W2108539000","https://openalex.org/W2125872152","https://openalex.org/W2130766014","https://openalex.org/W2134759784","https://openalex.org/W2137664882","https://openalex.org/W2145138795","https://openalex.org/W2147510700","https://openalex.org/W2153384945","https://openalex.org/W2154759562","https://openalex.org/W2157456528","https://openalex.org/W2160181070","https://openalex.org/W2162077712","https://openalex.org/W2167544984","https://openalex.org/W2172248551","https://openalex.org/W2201834519","https://openalex.org/W2295007882","https://openalex.org/W2496355761","https://openalex.org/W2509943885","https://openalex.org/W2989137202","https://openalex.org/W3142451835","https://openalex.org/W4249795204","https://openalex.org/W4290855189","https://openalex.org/W4296449149","https://openalex.org/W6638977908","https://openalex.org/W7008391909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606526141","https://openalex.org/W2210812050","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W1485274656","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2787081548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwriting":[0,20],"is":[1,12],"an":[2,126],"important":[3],"modality":[4],"for":[5,131,139,164],"Human-Computer":[6],"Interaction.":[7],"For":[8],"medical":[9],"professionals,":[10],"handwriting":[11,45,66],"(still)":[13],"the":[14,33,40,43,73,83,97,115,132,137,140,143,146,159,165],"preferred":[15],"natural":[16],"method":[17,119],"of":[18,36,42,75,92,96,129,155,162],"documentation.":[19],"recognition":[21,46,53],"has":[22,47],"long":[23],"been":[24],"a":[25,49,121,151],"primary":[26],"research":[27],"area":[28],"in":[29],"Computer":[30],"Science.":[31],"With":[32],"tremendous":[34],"ubiquity":[35],"smartphones,":[37],"along":[38],"with":[39,104,125,136,158],"renaissance":[41],"stylus,":[44],"become":[48],"new":[50],"impetus.":[51],"However,":[52],"rates":[54],"are":[55,63],"still":[56,62],"not":[57],"100%":[58],"perfect,":[59],"and":[60,79,81],"researchers":[61],"constantly":[64],"improving":[65],"algorithms.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper":[70],"we":[71,102],"evaluate":[72],"performance":[74],"entropy":[76],"based":[77,123,168],"slant-":[78],"skew-correction,":[80],"compare":[82],"results":[84,112],"to":[85],"other":[86,144],"methods.":[87],"We":[88],"selected":[89],"3700":[90],"words":[91],"23":[93],"writers":[94],"out":[95],"Unipen-ICROW-03":[98],"benchmark":[99],"set,":[100],"which":[101],"annotated":[103],"their":[105],"associated":[106],"error":[107],"angles":[108],"by":[109],"hand.":[110],"Our":[111],"show":[113],"that":[114],"entropy-based":[116,133,147],"slant":[117],"correction":[118,149],"outperforms":[120],"window":[122],"approach":[124],"average":[127,153,160],"precision":[128,154,161],"\u00b16.02\u00b0":[130],"method,":[134],"compared":[135,157],"\u00b17.85\u00b0":[138],"alternative.":[141],"On":[142],"hand,":[145],"skew":[148],"yields":[150],"lower":[152],"\u00b12:86\u00b0,":[156],"\u00b12.13\u00b0":[163],"alternative":[166],"LSM":[167],"approach.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
