{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098270977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","title":"The Completed Self: An Immunological View of the Human-Microbiome Superorganism and Risk of Chronic Diseases","display_name":"The Completed Self: An Immunological View of the Human-Microbiome Superorganism and Risk of Chronic Diseases","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098270977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","mag":"2098270977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2036/pdf?version=1424784889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2036/pdf?version=1424784889","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074622751","display_name":"Rodney R. Dietert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rodney Dietert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006456943","display_name":"Janice M. Dietert","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janice Dietert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Performance Plus Consulting, Lansing, NY 14882, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Performance Plus Consulting, Lansing, NY 14882, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074622751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.5396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81930991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2036","last_page":"2065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14072","display_name":"Immunotoxicology and immune responses","score":0.9248999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.9182000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiome","display_name":"Microbiome","score":0.6330305933952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.5515270233154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5296680331230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3800426125526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology","display_name":"Immunology","score":0.3627716600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3432410955429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3110666573047638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.2749747633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.13309919834136963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.6330305933952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5515270233154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5296680331230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3800426125526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3627716600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3432410955429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3110666573047638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2749747633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.13309919834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2036/pdf?version=1424784889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be70ba12b0ee482c87e448d247759786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be70ba12b0ee482c87e448d247759786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 2036-2065 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ecommons.cornell.edu:1813/31541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813/31541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400757","display_name":"eCommons (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/14/11/2036/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy; Volume 14; Issue 11; Pages: 2036-2065","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14112036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14112036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/11/2036/pdf?version=1424784889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2098270977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2098270977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2648237","https://openalex.org/W22958850","https://openalex.org/W56693376","https://openalex.org/W71906380","https://openalex.org/W104095340","https://openalex.org/W131380405","https://openalex.org/W142231377","https://openalex.org/W149918457","https://openalex.org/W176968051","https://openalex.org/W1491030102","https://openalex.org/W1495298082","https://openalex.org/W1526519431","https://openalex.org/W1538721138","https://openalex.org/W1553795439","https://openalex.org/W1556450208","https://openalex.org/W1562907710","https://openalex.org/W1593143946","https://openalex.org/W1723695929","https://openalex.org/W1735388412","https://openalex.org/W1749441558","https://openalex.org/W1759662388","https://openalex.org/W1850055994","https://openalex.org/W1878676232","https://openalex.org/W1963739832","https://openalex.org/W1964397599","https://openalex.org/W1965499757","https://openalex.org/W1966336914","https://openalex.org/W1970957596","https://openalex.org/W1974467627","https://openalex.org/W1975448606","https://openalex.org/W1976213964","https://openalex.org/W1977008429","https://openalex.org/W1979919872","https://openalex.org/W1981947243","https://openalex.org/W1983268079","https://openalex.org/W1983895762","https://openalex.org/W1984760175","https://openalex.org/W1986276921","https://openalex.org/W1987412368","https://openalex.org/W1989401467","https://openalex.org/W1989515787","https://openalex.org/W1989648306","https://openalex.org/W1989677590","https://openalex.org/W1992894709","https://openalex.org/W1994583884","https://openalex.org/W1994859611","https://openalex.org/W1997774819","https://openalex.org/W1998637603","https://openalex.org/W1998653357","https://openalex.org/W2000084197","https://openalex.org/W2000451704","https://openalex.org/W2001529538","https://openalex.org/W2001652786","https://openalex.org/W2002673140","https://openalex.org/W2003117475","https://openalex.org/W2003988648","https://openalex.org/W2004172841","https://openalex.org/W2006026122","https://openalex.org/W2006255153","https://openalex.org/W2008173644","https://openalex.org/W2008965066","https://openalex.org/W2009266321","https://openalex.org/W2009293887","https://openalex.org/W2009734258","https://openalex.org/W2009785839","https://openalex.org/W2009834382","https://openalex.org/W2010289817","https://openalex.org/W2012466364","https://openalex.org/W2012524134","https://openalex.org/W2014236792","https://openalex.org/W2015455880","https://openalex.org/W2015756822","https://openalex.org/W2016271868","https://openalex.org/W2017001902","https://openalex.org/W2021315279","https://openalex.org/W2022389138","https://openalex.org/W2024166454","https://openalex.org/W2024556643","https://openalex.org/W2025613570","https://openalex.org/W2028195000","https://openalex.org/W2028635659","https://openalex.org/W2029397966","https://openalex.org/W2031458424","https://openalex.org/W2031525096","https://openalex.org/W2032028601","https://openalex.org/W2032358194","https://openalex.org/W2036782018","https://openalex.org/W2038083585","https://openalex.org/W2038589538","https://openalex.org/W2039227324","https://openalex.org/W2039405310","https://openalex.org/W2040471056","https://openalex.org/W2041034033","https://openalex.org/W2041083337","https://openalex.org/W2045676007","https://openalex.org/W2047911553","https://openalex.org/W2048354944","https://openalex.org/W2048798018","https://openalex.org/W2048942183","https://openalex.org/W2051335273","https://openalex.org/W2054279791","https://openalex.org/W2054968614","https://openalex.org/W2055634200","https://openalex.org/W2059133069","https://openalex.org/W2059442473","https://openalex.org/W2060200776","https://openalex.org/W2061990226","https://openalex.org/W2066168175","https://openalex.org/W2067561829","https://openalex.org/W2070907546","https://openalex.org/W2072064533","https://openalex.org/W2074583717","https://openalex.org/W2075879289","https://openalex.org/W2080112516","https://openalex.org/W2081462755","https://openalex.org/W2085173452","https://openalex.org/W2086627741","https://openalex.org/W2087596134","https://openalex.org/W2089203867","https://openalex.org/W2090925778","https://openalex.org/W2091639781","https://openalex.org/W2093131922","https://openalex.org/W2093137310","https://openalex.org/W2095525700","https://openalex.org/W2099446502","https://openalex.org/W2099578672","https://openalex.org/W2100398386","https://openalex.org/W2104043769","https://openalex.org/W2104313067","https://openalex.org/W2106985367","https://openalex.org/W2111289847","https://openalex.org/W2112406713","https://openalex.org/W2113629241","https://openalex.org/W2114326694","https://openalex.org/W2114943001","https://openalex.org/W2116758389","https://openalex.org/W2118831779","https://openalex.org/W2122167931","https://openalex.org/W2122288171","https://openalex.org/W2125448034","https://openalex.org/W2127739019","https://openalex.org/W2128596331","https://openalex.org/W2128617617","https://openalex.org/W2129191628","https://openalex.org/W2130387644","https://openalex.org/W2130595943","https://openalex.org/W2131607023","https://openalex.org/W2134294143","https://openalex.org/W2134888544","https://openalex.org/W2137689065","https://openalex.org/W2138271416","https://openalex.org/W2138276746","https://openalex.org/W2142155447","https://openalex.org/W2143668950","https://openalex.org/W2143938162","https://openalex.org/W2144043094","https://openalex.org/W2144414507","https://openalex.org/W2145818092","https://openalex.org/W2146890677","https://openalex.org/W2149168766","https://openalex.org/W2149852846","https://openalex.org/W2150699317","https://openalex.org/W2150921017","https://openalex.org/W2151927310","https://openalex.org/W2152249754","https://openalex.org/W2152598364","https://openalex.org/W2152662800","https://openalex.org/W2153492168","https://openalex.org/W2154337610","https://openalex.org/W2154888801","https://openalex.org/W2158124686","https://openalex.org/W2159633664","https://openalex.org/W2159843982","https://openalex.org/W2160073075","https://openalex.org/W2160095199","https://openalex.org/W2162088497","https://openalex.org/W2165678812","https://openalex.org/W2168195699","https://openalex.org/W2171184018","https://openalex.org/W2171423639","https://openalex.org/W2188468660","https://openalex.org/W2192742957","https://openalex.org/W2197937956","https://openalex.org/W2236513182","https://openalex.org/W2321059259","https://openalex.org/W2332801499","https://openalex.org/W2496126111","https://openalex.org/W2606257311","https://openalex.org/W2903954676","https://openalex.org/W4210673146","https://openalex.org/W4233339030","https://openalex.org/W4236043968","https://openalex.org/W4238836272","https://openalex.org/W4252376448","https://openalex.org/W4301416341","https://openalex.org/W6600941787","https://openalex.org/W6629527535","https://openalex.org/W6633712593","https://openalex.org/W6639156083","https://openalex.org/W6658114183","https://openalex.org/W6662617134","https://openalex.org/W6664609151","https://openalex.org/W6681301250","https://openalex.org/W6682108840","https://openalex.org/W6687628559","https://openalex.org/W6687707874","https://openalex.org/W6845630093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2604155846","https://openalex.org/W3121185202","https://openalex.org/W4390658901","https://openalex.org/W2900546243","https://openalex.org/W3035180550","https://openalex.org/W2790850565","https://openalex.org/W4388834263","https://openalex.org/W1983943311","https://openalex.org/W4206185765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,62],"this":[1,103,181],"review,":[2],"we":[3],"discuss":[4,152,177],"an":[5,37],"immunological-driven":[6],"sign":[7,24],"termed":[8],"the":[9,30,59,69,99,148,162,185],"Completed":[10],"Self,":[11],"which":[12],"is":[13,165],"related":[14],"to":[15,86,102,118,139,159,167],"a":[16,56,81,88,92,107,120,145],"holistic":[17],"determination":[18],"of":[19,36,39,53,58,94,109,180,187],"health":[20],"vs.":[21],"disease.":[22],"This":[23],"(human":[25],"plus":[26],"commensal":[27,142],"microbiota)":[28],"forms":[29],"human":[31,163],"superorganism.":[32],"The":[33],"worldwide":[34],"emergence":[35],"epidemic":[38],"chronic":[40,95],"diseases":[41],"has":[42,65],"caused":[43],"increased":[44,47],"healthcare":[45],"costs,":[46],"premature":[48],"mortality":[49],"and":[50,73,76,136,169],"reduced":[51],"quality":[52],"life":[54],"for":[55],"majority":[57,93],"world\u2019s":[60],"population.":[61],"addition,":[63],"it":[64],"raised":[66],"questions":[67],"concerning":[68],"interactions":[70],"between":[71],"humans":[72],"their":[74],"environment":[75],"potential":[77],"imbalances.":[78],"Misregulated":[79],"inflammation,":[80],"host":[82],"defense-homeostasis":[83],"disorder,":[84],"appears":[85],"be":[87],"key":[89,114],"biomarker":[90],"connecting":[91],"diseases.":[96,189],"We":[97,151,175],"consider":[98],"apparent":[100],"contributors":[101],"disorder":[104],"that":[105,127],"promote":[106],"web":[108],"interlinked":[110],"comorbid":[111],"conditions.":[112],"Three":[113],"events":[115,156],"are":[116],"suggested":[117],"play":[119],"role:":[121],"(1)":[122],"altered":[123],"epigenetic":[124],"programming":[125],"(AEP)":[126],"may":[128],"span":[129],"multiple":[130],"generations,":[131],"(2)":[132],"developmental":[133],"immunotoxicity":[134],"(DIT),":[135],"(3)":[137],"failure":[138],"adequately":[140,168],"incorporate":[141],"microbes":[143],"as":[144],"newborn":[146],"(i.e.,":[147],"incomplete":[149],"self).":[150],"how":[153,178],"these":[154],"three":[155],"can":[157,183],"combine":[158],"determine":[160],"whether":[161],"superorganism":[164],"able":[166],"completely":[170],"form":[171],"during":[172],"early":[173],"childhood.":[174],"also":[176],"corruption":[179],"event":[182],"affect":[184],"risk":[186],"later-life":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}