{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124351563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","title":"Entropies and Scaling Exponents of Street and Fracture Networks","display_name":"Entropies and Scaling Exponents of Street and Fracture Networks","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124351563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","mag":"2124351563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14040800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/4/800/pdf?version=1424784846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/4/800/pdf?version=1424784846","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083629220","display_name":"Nahid Mohajeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-5109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahid Mohajeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Department of Geography, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, Gower Street, London WC1E 7HB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Department of Geography, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, Gower Street, London WC1E 7HB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029667020","display_name":"\u00c1g\u00fast Gu\u00f0mundsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-5562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Agust Gudmundsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences, Queen\u2019s Building, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK","Department of Earth Sciences, Queen's Building, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, Queen\u2019s Building, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, Queen's Building, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029667020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":8.7622,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97621259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"800","last_page":"833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.925599992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9074000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.7695209980010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lineament","display_name":"Lineament","score":0.5730118751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponent","display_name":"Exponent","score":0.558634340763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling-law","display_name":"Scaling law","score":0.49869418144226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4573376476764679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law","display_name":"Power law","score":0.44367432594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4198591113090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3564050793647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3390868902206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32527559995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.27704089879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.24624383449554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24364441633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.07156485319137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tectonics","display_name":"Tectonics","score":0.06689292192459106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.7695209980010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92596616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826413","display_name":"Lineament","level":3,"score":0.5730118751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.558634340763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.49869418144226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4573376476764679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87040749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Power law","level":2,"score":0.44367432594299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4198591113090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3564050793647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3390868902206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32527559995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.27704089879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.24624383449554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24364441633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.07156485319137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.06689292192459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14040800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/4/800/pdf?version=1424784846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.232.7011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.7011","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/4/800/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45d967e62b0a411e873dd1cdb88c13e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45d967e62b0a411e873dd1cdb88c13e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 14, Iss 4, Pp 800-833 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10200236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10200236/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy , 14  (4)   pp. 800-833.   (2012)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1099-4300/14/4/800/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e14040800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040800","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/14/4/800/pdf?version=1424784846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2124351563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2124351563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71764628","https://openalex.org/W95477265","https://openalex.org/W318702035","https://openalex.org/W362500514","https://openalex.org/W421089341","https://openalex.org/W612867674","https://openalex.org/W619924662","https://openalex.org/W628510644","https://openalex.org/W631909485","https://openalex.org/W636840183","https://openalex.org/W641436094","https://openalex.org/W1246084508","https://openalex.org/W1509562192","https://openalex.org/W1515933444","https://openalex.org/W1526354953","https://openalex.org/W1529708367","https://openalex.org/W1538991275","https://openalex.org/W1556573274","https://openalex.org/W1565530831","https://openalex.org/W1586251589","https://openalex.org/W1615577543","https://openalex.org/W1749839223","https://openalex.org/W1875112053","https://openalex.org/W1964386634","https://openalex.org/W1964527442","https://openalex.org/W1966992005","https://openalex.org/W1978697791","https://openalex.org/W1980676762","https://openalex.org/W1985308025","https://openalex.org/W1986133493","https://openalex.org/W1989577429","https://openalex.org/W1996121945","https://openalex.org/W2004309119","https://openalex.org/W2006222780","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2009997372","https://openalex.org/W2017456453","https://openalex.org/W2017628301","https://openalex.org/W2018934112","https://openalex.org/W2021673157","https://openalex.org/W2025106248","https://openalex.org/W2026383358","https://openalex.org/W2032558547","https://openalex.org/W2034746275","https://openalex.org/W2058560977","https://openalex.org/W2060461580","https://openalex.org/W2062201321","https://openalex.org/W2071787643","https://openalex.org/W2092027311","https://openalex.org/W2095674846","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2105411649","https://openalex.org/W2107626567","https://openalex.org/W2111628916","https://openalex.org/W2124637492","https://openalex.org/W2141499038","https://openalex.org/W2150010930","https://openalex.org/W2152771541","https://openalex.org/W2153154621","https://openalex.org/W2155930826","https://openalex.org/W2163841275","https://openalex.org/W2168632251","https://openalex.org/W2194397224","https://openalex.org/W2240260345","https://openalex.org/W2321470647","https://openalex.org/W2475562891","https://openalex.org/W2478708596","https://openalex.org/W2480516038","https://openalex.org/W2487594070","https://openalex.org/W2506806578","https://openalex.org/W2514618987","https://openalex.org/W2581633882","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W2962983474","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W3106191812","https://openalex.org/W3113109455","https://openalex.org/W3122027017","https://openalex.org/W3139615638","https://openalex.org/W3140662957","https://openalex.org/W3147834632","https://openalex.org/W3159223345","https://openalex.org/W3171046603","https://openalex.org/W3190894976","https://openalex.org/W3204336542","https://openalex.org/W4214736987","https://openalex.org/W4234395991","https://openalex.org/W4234989302","https://openalex.org/W4239008445","https://openalex.org/W4252028749","https://openalex.org/W4255739112","https://openalex.org/W4290972066","https://openalex.org/W4299551239","https://openalex.org/W4299832597","https://openalex.org/W6682894224","https://openalex.org/W6725893348","https://openalex.org/W6785073665"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994753018","https://openalex.org/W2742063177","https://openalex.org/W2386091227","https://openalex.org/W2026675405","https://openalex.org/W2008499310","https://openalex.org/W4378214560","https://openalex.org/W2017291714","https://openalex.org/W3010644611","https://openalex.org/W4283701471","https://openalex.org/W2996121757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"natural":[1],"and":[2,13,30,36,102,109,141,164,177],"man-made":[3],"lineaments":[4],"form":[5,104],"networks":[6],"that":[7,86,120,170],"can":[8,70,121],"be":[9,71,122],"analysed":[10,79],"through":[11,116],"entropy":[12],"energy":[14],"considerations.":[15],"Here":[16],"we":[17,78],"report":[18],"the":[19,26,44,49,60,68,93,128,137,151,167,172,175],"results":[20],"of":[21,25,32,43,48,51,89,95,100,127,136],"a":[22,41],"detailed":[23],"study":[24],"variations":[27],"in":[28,53,59,84,125],"trends":[29],"lengths":[31,91],"1554":[33],"named":[34],"streets":[35,69,94,108],"6004":[37],"street":[38,46,139],"segments,":[39],"forming":[40],"part":[42],"evolving":[45,105],"network":[47],"city":[50],"Dundee":[52],"East":[54],"Scotland.":[55],"Based":[56],"on":[57],"changes":[58],"scaling":[61,152],"exponents":[62,153],"(ranging":[63],"from":[64],"0.24":[65],"to":[66],"3.89),":[67],"divided":[72],"into":[73],"21":[74,138],"populations.":[75],"For":[76],"comparison,":[77],"221":[80],"active":[81],"crustal":[82],"fractures":[83,110],"Iceland":[85],"(a)":[87],"are":[88,98],"similar":[90],"as":[92],"Dundee;":[96],"(b)":[97],"composed":[99],"segments;":[101],"(c)":[103],"networks.":[106],"The":[107,134],"follow":[111],"power-law":[112],"size":[113],"distributions":[114],"(validated":[115],"various":[117],"statistical":[118],"tests)":[119],"partly":[123],"explained":[124],"terms":[126],"energies":[129],"needed":[130],"for":[131,157,162,183,188],"their":[132],"formation.":[133],"entropies":[135],"populations":[140,144],"9":[142],"fracture":[143],"show":[145],"strong":[146],"linear":[147],"correlations":[148],"with":[149,165],"(1)":[150],"(R2":[154,180],"=":[155,160,181,186],"0.845\u20130.947":[156],"streets,":[158,184],"R2":[159,185],"0.859":[161],"fractures)":[163],"(2)":[166],"length":[168],"ranges,":[169],"is,":[171],"differences":[173],"between":[174],"longest":[176],"shortest":[178],"streets/fractures,":[179],"0.845\u20130.906":[182],"0.927":[187],"fractures).":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
