{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2160524234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040736","title":"Information Entropy of Influenza A Segment 7","display_name":"Information Entropy of Influenza A Segment 7","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2160524234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040736","mag":"2160524234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e10040736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/4/736/pdf?version=1424784660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/4/736/pdf?version=1424784660","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041840628","display_name":"William A. Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-9034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Applied Mathematics and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Mathematics and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022155426","display_name":"Shaohua Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0610-9106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057218178","display_name":"Joel K. Weltman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel K. Weltman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057218178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.2014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63896031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"736","last_page":"744"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytosine","display_name":"Cytosine","score":0.7452048063278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleotide","display_name":"Nucleotide","score":0.5651147365570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5102641582489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.5060850977897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4768622815608978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guanine","display_name":"Guanine","score":0.4714689552783966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.46848902106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.4684346616268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleic-acid-sequence","display_name":"Nucleic acid sequence","score":0.4457632601261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34525400400161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32492953538894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.22863450646400452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178425","display_name":"Cytosine","level":3,"score":0.7452048063278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512185932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28745","display_name":"Nucleotide","level":3,"score":0.5651147365570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5102641582489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.5060850977897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4768622815608978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778301229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169313","display_name":"Guanine","level":4,"score":0.4714689552783966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.46848902106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4684346616268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84148353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863908","display_name":"Nucleic acid sequence","level":3,"score":0.4457632601261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34525400400161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32492953538894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.22863450646400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e10040736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/4/736/pdf?version=1424784660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52cb8498c3a74a4287da22c381ebf842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52cb8498c3a74a4287da22c381ebf842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Entropy, Vol 10, Iss 4, Pp 736-744 (2008)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kops.uni-konstanz.de:123456789/8025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-75990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401487","display_name":"KOPS (University of Konstanz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","host_organization_name":"University of Konstanz","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e10040736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040736","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/4/736/pdf?version=1424784660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7186324567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-FG02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684078510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-FG02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160524234.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160524234.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988533731","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2001112476","https://openalex.org/W2042777577","https://openalex.org/W2066881468","https://openalex.org/W2068694787","https://openalex.org/W2089168615","https://openalex.org/W2117060467","https://openalex.org/W2132926880","https://openalex.org/W2148047088","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168580805","https://openalex.org/W119765381","https://openalex.org/W1985445036","https://openalex.org/W3166408292","https://openalex.org/W1967899740","https://openalex.org/W3047053590","https://openalex.org/W1970963906","https://openalex.org/W2157138747","https://openalex.org/W1976409387","https://openalex.org/W1990025216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"entropy":[1,34,183],"(H)":[2],"is":[3,189],"a":[4,13,21,191,194,210,228],"measure":[5],"of":[6,15,23,32,41,43,105,109,120,123,130,134,142,145,186,202,212,223],"uncertainty":[7],"at":[8,58,63,68,74,78,83,90,113],"each":[9,114,121],"position":[10,64,69,75,79,84,91,184],"within":[11],"in":[12,206],"sequence":[14],"nucleotides.H":[16],"was":[17,158,209],"used":[18],"to":[19,51,54,97,150,154],"characterize":[20],"set":[22],"influenza":[24],"A":[25],"segment":[26,187],"7":[27,188],"nucleotide":[28,56,107],"sequences.":[29],"Nucleotide":[30],"locations":[31],"high":[33,182],"were":[35,49,95,125],"identified":[36],"near":[37],"the":[38,44,47,103,106,110,117,131,135,164,174,181,203,207,213,224],"5\u2019":[39],"start":[40],"all":[42,217],"sequences":[45,48,124,149,205,220],"and":[46,147,153,168],"assigned":[50],"subsets":[52],"according":[53],"synonymous":[55],"variants":[57],"those":[59,129],"positions:":[60],"either":[61,190],"uracil":[62],"six":[65,70,185],"(U6),":[66],"cytosine":[67,88],"(C6),":[71],"adenine":[72,82],"(A12)":[73],"12,":[76],"guanine":[77],"12":[80],"(G12),":[81],"15":[85],"(A15)":[86],"or":[87,193],"(C15)":[89],"15.":[92],"H":[93,118],"values":[94,119],"found":[96],"be":[98],"correlated/corresponding":[99],"(Kendall":[100],"tau)":[101],"along":[102],"lengths":[104],"segments":[108],"subset":[111,122,166,226],"pairs":[112],"position.":[115],"However,":[116],"statistically":[126],"distinguishable":[127],"from":[128],"other":[132],"member":[133,211],"pair":[136,167],"(Kolmogorov-Smirnov":[137],"test).":[138],"The":[139,197],"joint":[140],"probability":[141],"uncorrelated":[143],"distributions":[144],"U6":[146,225],"C6":[148,214],"viral":[151,155],"subtypes":[152],"host":[156],"species":[157],"34":[159],"times":[160,170],"greater":[161,171],"than":[162,172],"for":[163,173],"A12:G12":[165],"214":[169],"A15:C15":[175],"pair.":[176],"This":[177],"result":[178],"indicates":[179],"that":[180,199],"reporter":[192],"sentinel":[195,230],"location.":[196],"fact":[198],"not":[200],"one":[201],"H5N1":[204,219],"dataset":[208],"subset,":[215],"but":[216],"125":[218],"are":[221],"members":[222],"suggests":[227],"non-random":[229],"function.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
