{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385812519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014","title":"Enhancing Cyber Security Governance and Policy for SMEs in Industry 5.0: A Comparative Study between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom","display_name":"Enhancing Cyber Security Governance and Policy for SMEs in Industry 5.0: A Comparative Study between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385812519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/digital3030014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/3/3/14/pdf?version=1692015890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185390","display_name":"Digital","issn_l":"2673-6470","issn":["2673-6470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/3/3/14/pdf?version=1692015890","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041136061","display_name":"Nisha Rawindaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-7366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisha Rawindaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024067029","display_name":"Liqaa Nawaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-0554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liqaa Nawaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-0554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026474262","display_name":"Suaad Alarifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-1251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suaad Alarifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083023211","display_name":"Daniyal Alghazzawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5533-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniyal Alghazzawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5533-3203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066690479","display_name":"Fiona Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiona Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022780651","display_name":"Iyad Katib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-3218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iyad Katib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-3218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043570519","display_name":"Chaminda Hewage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaminda Hewage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff School of Technology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024067029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"fwci":16.263,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99048604,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"200","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.6786826848983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.6508210301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.60056471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5868935585021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","score":0.5240947604179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.4680969715118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.21417143940925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.14102241396903992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6786826848983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6508210301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.60056471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5868935585021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5240947604179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4680969715118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21417143940925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.14102241396903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/digital3030014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/3/3/14/pdf?version=1692015890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185390","display_name":"Digital","issn_l":"2673-6470","issn":["2673-6470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75065b872c014073b75014936ae704d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75065b872c014073b75014936ae704d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Digital, Vol 3, Iss 3, Pp 200-231 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2673-6470/3/3/14/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Digital; Volume 3; Issue 3; Pages: 200-231","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/digital3030014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030014","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/3/3/14/pdf?version=1692015890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185390","display_name":"Digital","issn_l":"2673-6470","issn":["2673-6470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321498","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385812519.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088489410","https://openalex.org/W2475486764","https://openalex.org/W2765740510","https://openalex.org/W2947644262","https://openalex.org/W2985776815","https://openalex.org/W3024385601","https://openalex.org/W3101205514","https://openalex.org/W3123077899","https://openalex.org/W3126285618","https://openalex.org/W3206240855","https://openalex.org/W3214083186","https://openalex.org/W4206005545","https://openalex.org/W4213012696","https://openalex.org/W4214481395","https://openalex.org/W4220754586","https://openalex.org/W4281550168","https://openalex.org/W4307543345","https://openalex.org/W4310679603","https://openalex.org/W4319027820","https://openalex.org/W6846338827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2617513755","https://openalex.org/W2376072061","https://openalex.org/W409584353","https://openalex.org/W2884584982","https://openalex.org/W1550308580","https://openalex.org/W2485974778","https://openalex.org/W1605519360","https://openalex.org/W4301337664","https://openalex.org/W4285203854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,152],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,41,58,84,100,183,282],"Industry":[3,59,305],"5.0":[4,306],"has":[5],"revolutionized":[6],"technology":[7],"by":[8,117],"integrating":[9],"physical":[10],"systems":[11],"with":[12,61,131,240],"digital":[13],"networks.":[14],"These":[15],"advancements":[16],"have":[17],"also":[18,219],"led":[19],"to":[20,51,77,161,196,248,284,298],"an":[21],"increase":[22],"in":[23,43,105,149,190,215,228,245,303],"cyber":[24,52,85,107,144,184,209,231,259,286,300],"threats,":[25],"posing":[26],"significant":[27],"risks,":[28,87],"particularly":[29],"for":[30,142,157],"small":[31],"and":[32,46,67,73,90,103,112,120,134,140,147,165,171,181,193,213,252,271,276,289,294],"medium-sized":[33],"enterprises":[34],"(SMEs).":[35],"This":[36,262],"research":[37,137,267],"investigates":[38],"the":[39,47,56,71,95,98,114,121,136,155,162,172,175,179,197,207,216,236,277,304],"resistance":[40],"SMEs":[42,111,189,227],"Saudi":[44,118,169,191,274],"Arabia":[45,119,170,192,275],"United":[48],"Kingdom":[49],"(UK)":[50],"security":[53,86,108,145,185,210,232,260,287,301],"measures":[54],"within":[55],"context":[57],"5.0,":[60],"a":[62,125,265,280],"specific":[63],"focus":[64],"on":[65,188,235,269],"governance":[66,146,270],"policy.":[68],"It":[69],"explores":[70],"cultural":[72,164],"economic":[74,166],"factors":[75],"contributing":[76],"this":[78],"resistance,":[79],"such":[80],"as":[81],"limited":[82],"awareness":[83,180,211,288],"financial":[88],"constraints,":[89],"competing":[91],"business":[92],"priorities.":[93],"Additionally,":[94],"study":[96,176,268],"examines":[97,206],"role":[99],"government":[101],"policies":[102],"regulations":[104],"promoting":[106],"practices":[109,212],"among":[110,254],"compares":[113],"approaches":[115],"adopted":[116],"UK.":[122,173],"By":[123],"employing":[124],"mixed":[126],"methods":[127],"analysis,":[128,237],"including":[129],"interviews":[130],"SME":[132],"owners":[133],"experts,":[135],"highlights":[138],"challenges":[139],"opportunities":[141],"improving":[143],"policy":[148,272],"both":[150,246],"countries.":[151],"findings":[153],"emphasize":[154],"need":[156],"tailored":[158],"solutions":[159],"due":[160],"differing":[163],"contexts":[167],"between":[168,273],"Specifically,":[174],"delves":[177],"into":[178],"implementation":[182],"measures,":[186],"focusing":[187],"their":[194,258],"adherence":[195],"Essential":[198],"Cyber":[199],"Security":[200],"Controls":[201],"(ECC-1:2018)":[202],"guidelines.":[203],"Furthermore,":[204],"it":[205],"existing":[208],"compliance":[214,253],"UK,":[217,278],"while":[218],"comparing":[220],"official":[221],"guidance":[222],"documents":[223,242],"aimed":[224],"at":[225],"supporting":[226],"achieving":[229],"better":[230],"practices.":[233],"Based":[234],"greater":[238],"engagement":[239],"these":[241],"is":[243],"recommended":[244],"countries":[247],"foster":[249,295],"awareness,":[250],"confidence,":[251],"SMEs,":[255],"ultimately":[256],"enhancing":[257],"posture.":[261],"paper":[263],"offers":[264],"comparative":[266],"presenting":[279],"set":[281],"recommendations":[283],"strengthen":[285],"education,":[290],"fortify":[291],"regulatory":[292],"frameworks,":[293],"public\u2013private":[296],"partnerships":[297],"combat":[299],"threats":[302],"landscape.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
