{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963113324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","title":"Building Stock and Building Typology of Kigali, Rwanda","display_name":"Building Stock and Building Typology of Kigali, Rwanda","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963113324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","mag":"2963113324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data4030105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/4/3/105/pdf?version=1563688577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/4/3/105/pdf?version=1563688577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090274520","display_name":"Felix Bachofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6181-0187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Bachofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany","German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center (EOC), 82334 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6181-0187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center (EOC), 82334 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054376133","display_name":"Andreas Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-1389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-1389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029386995","display_name":"Florian Adamietz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Adamietz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112298713","display_name":"Sally Murray","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sally Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Growth Centre (IGC), KG 12 Ave, Kigali 3004, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Growth Centre (IGC), KG 12 Ave, Kigali 3004, Rwanda","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008273122","display_name":"Pablo d\u2019Angelo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo d\u2019Angelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center (EOC), 82334 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center (EOC), 82334 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069490740","display_name":"Edward Kyazze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161520","display_name":"Ministry of Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04vttb719","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161520"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Kyazze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Urbanization and Human Settlements Division, KG 7 Ave, Kigali 24, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Urbanization and Human Settlements Division, KG 7 Ave, Kigali 24, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032364484","display_name":"Abias Philippe Mumuhire","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132931743","display_name":"University of Kigali","ror":"https://ror.org/03v842g47","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132931743"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abias Philippe Mumuhire","raw_affiliation_strings":["City of Kigali, Urban Planning and Construction One Stop Center Unit, KN 3 Ave, Kigali 3527, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City of Kigali, Urban Planning and Construction One Stop Center Unit, KN 3 Ave, Kigali 3527, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132931743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046805417","display_name":"Jonathan Bower","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Bower","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Growth Centre (IGC), KG 12 Ave, Kigali 3004, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Growth Centre (IGC), KG 12 Ave, Kigali 3004, Rwanda","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090274520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981","https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.994,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88300108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"105","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.8789947032928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-based","display_name":"Object based","score":0.41674309968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4121624827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typology","display_name":"Typology","score":0.4106124937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.40543311834335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39863643050193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3971180021762848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.33332687616348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3257230520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.27518337965011597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22998684644699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12950170040130615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8789947032928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019973339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899523","display_name":"Object based","level":3,"score":0.41674309968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4121624827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.4106124937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.40543311834335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39863643050193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3971180021762848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.33332687616348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3257230520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.27518337965011597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22998684644699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12950170040130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/data4030105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/4/3/105/pdf?version=1563688577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:128873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jdataj:v:4:y:2019:i:3:p:105-:d:250283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/4/3/105/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ed24870f4a743339c3775678d1ce324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ed24870f4a743339c3775678d1ce324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data, Vol 4, Iss 3, p 105 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2306-5729/4/3/105/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data4030105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030105","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/4/3/105/pdf?version=1563688577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3746174582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VCU-VRWA-VXXXX-38418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313476","funder_display_name":"International Growth Centre"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7561410534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01LG1301K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313476","display_name":"International Growth Centre","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963113324.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963113324.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965539701","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W2030517367","https://openalex.org/W2053935941","https://openalex.org/W2126744737","https://openalex.org/W2138499973","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2303172903","https://openalex.org/W2521868507","https://openalex.org/W2600807517","https://openalex.org/W2619461277","https://openalex.org/W2900516025","https://openalex.org/W2981849677","https://openalex.org/W3088550442","https://openalex.org/W3100326637","https://openalex.org/W4229541772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2241143171","https://openalex.org/W3212604275","https://openalex.org/W4210715198","https://openalex.org/W4298181027","https://openalex.org/W654341863","https://openalex.org/W3170213355","https://openalex.org/W1764580663","https://openalex.org/W1904057732","https://openalex.org/W2279425969","https://openalex.org/W1577409497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,41],"uses":[2],"very":[3],"high-resolution":[4],"Pl\u00e9iades":[5],"imagery":[6],"for":[7,18,89,93,116],"the":[8,14,19,40,50,100,105,125],"densely":[9],"built-up":[10],"central":[11],"part":[12],"of":[13,16,39,102,109,119,133],"City":[15],"Kigali":[17],"year":[20],"2015":[21,51],"in":[22,47,122,136],"order":[23],"to":[24,53],"derive":[25],"urban":[26,137],"morphology":[27],"data":[28],"on":[29,59,99],"building":[30,32,35,62],"footprints,":[31],"archetypes":[33],"and":[34,91,124,139],"heights.":[36],"Aerial":[37],"images":[38],"area":[42],"from":[43],"2008\u20132009":[44,90],"were":[45],"used":[46,115],"combination":[48],"with":[49,75],"dataset":[52,58,84,96,112],"create":[54],"a":[55,60,82,117,131],"change":[56],"monitoring":[57],"single":[61],"basis.":[63],"A":[64],"semi-automated":[65],"approach":[66],"was":[67],"chosen":[68],"which":[69],"combined":[70],"an":[71,76],"object-based":[72],"image":[73],"analysis":[74],"expert-based":[77],"revision.":[78],"The":[79,95],"result":[80],"is":[81],"geospatial":[83,111],"that":[85],"detects":[86],"165,625":[87],"buildings":[88],"211,458":[92],"2015.":[94],"includes":[97],"information":[98],"type":[101],"changes":[103],"between":[104],"two":[106],"dates.":[107],"Analysis":[108],"this":[110],"can":[113],"be":[114],"range":[118,132],"research":[120],"applications":[121,135],"economics":[123],"social":[126],"sciences,":[127],"as":[128,130],"well":[129],"policy":[134],"planning":[138],"municipal":[140],"finance":[141],"administration.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
