{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411383017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088","title":"Rethinking Inequality: The Complex Dynamics Beyond the Kuznets Curve","display_name":"Rethinking Inequality: The Complex Dynamics Beyond the Kuznets Curve","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411383017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10060088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/6/88/pdf?version=1750064894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/6/88/pdf?version=1750064894","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069277099","display_name":"Sarthak Pattnaik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarthak Pattnaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4994-4800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054465893","display_name":"Maryan Rizinski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-0091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryan Rizinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-0091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023669249","display_name":"Eugene Pinsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-1851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Pinsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-1851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023669249"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":9.9147,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97513691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"88","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuznets-curve","display_name":"Kuznets curve","score":0.772485613822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.6478613018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.6034463047981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.4720008373260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.4122346043586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.38456064462661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoclassical-economics","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","score":0.33693182468414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3353005051612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31207019090652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13205015659332275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780481019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349471","display_name":"Kuznets curve","level":2,"score":0.772485613822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6478613018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.6034463047981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4720008373260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4122346043586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.38456064462661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.33693182468414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3353005051612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31207019090652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13205015659332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10060088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/6/88/pdf?version=1750064894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7304cb453c641be9b352ecb186877a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7304cb453c641be9b352ecb186877a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 88 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10060088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/6/88/pdf?version=1750064894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411383017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411383017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1715038780","https://openalex.org/W1963562210","https://openalex.org/W2012135746","https://openalex.org/W2018579465","https://openalex.org/W2091694731","https://openalex.org/W2099256249","https://openalex.org/W2142816736","https://openalex.org/W2155487257","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2168284133","https://openalex.org/W2592102813","https://openalex.org/W2617651675","https://openalex.org/W3022643593","https://openalex.org/W3122539596","https://openalex.org/W3124124240","https://openalex.org/W3132782787","https://openalex.org/W3171047392","https://openalex.org/W3208900240","https://openalex.org/W4241170415","https://openalex.org/W4251948489","https://openalex.org/W4280550128","https://openalex.org/W4313000460","https://openalex.org/W4361226511","https://openalex.org/W4392453461","https://openalex.org/W4400129569","https://openalex.org/W4407276595","https://openalex.org/W6637534095","https://openalex.org/W6684670252","https://openalex.org/W6848251530","https://openalex.org/W6857691421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4211094921","https://openalex.org/W2357621445","https://openalex.org/W4308799146","https://openalex.org/W4387545185","https://openalex.org/W1533374615","https://openalex.org/W3184280154","https://openalex.org/W4367627380","https://openalex.org/W4401970797","https://openalex.org/W2011368380","https://openalex.org/W3019983732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Income":[0],"inequality":[1,30,120,150,198],"has":[2,22,180],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,78],"a":[5,79],"defining":[6],"challenge":[7,141],"of":[8,74,81],"our":[9],"time,":[10],"particularly":[11],"in":[12,108,119,184],"advanced":[13],"economies,":[14,186],"where":[15],"the":[16,42,72,75,90,105,124,134,142,170,177,190],"gap":[17],"between":[18],"rich":[19],"and":[20,46,48,65,113,126,133,146,163],"poor":[21],"reached":[23],"unprecedented":[24],"levels.":[25],"This":[26,166],"study":[27],"analyzes":[28],"income":[29,82],"trends":[31,130],"from":[32,89],"2000":[33],"to":[34,70,169,195],"2023":[35],"across":[36,96],"developed":[37],"countries":[38],"(the":[39],"United":[40,43],"States,":[41],"Kingdom,":[44],"Germany,":[45],"France)":[47],"developing":[49],"nations":[50],"using":[51,111],"World":[52],"Bank":[53],"Gini":[54],"coefficient":[55],"data.":[56],"We":[57],"employ":[58],"comprehensive":[59],"visualization":[60],"techniques,":[61],"Pareto":[62],"distribution":[63],"analysis,":[64],"ARIMA":[66,112],"time-series":[67],"forecasting":[68],"models":[69],"evaluate":[71],"effectiveness":[73],"Kuznets":[76,94,144,178],"curve":[77,95,179],"predictor":[80],"inequality.":[83,109],"Our":[84],"analysis":[85],"reveals":[86],"significant":[87],"deviations":[88],"traditional":[91],"inverse":[92],"U-shaped":[93],"all":[97],"examined":[98],"countries,":[99],"with":[100,123],"persistent":[101,197],"volatility":[102],"rather":[103,199],"than":[104,200],"predicted":[106],"decline":[107],"Forecasts":[110],"neural":[114],"networks":[115],"indicate":[116],"continued":[117],"fluctuations":[118],"through":[121],"2030,":[122],"U.S.":[125],"Germany":[127],"showing":[128],"upward":[129],"while":[131],"France":[132],"UK":[135],"demonstrate":[136,147],"relative":[137],"stability.":[138],"These":[139],"findings":[140],"conventional":[143],"hypothesis":[145],"that":[148,176],"contemporary":[149],"patterns":[151],"are":[152],"influenced":[153],"by":[154,172],"factors":[155],"beyond":[156],"economic":[157,203],"development,":[158],"including":[159],"technological":[160],"change,":[161],"globalization,":[162],"policy":[164],"choices.":[165],"research":[167],"contributes":[168],"literature":[171],"providing":[173],"empirical":[174],"evidence":[175],"limited":[181],"predictive":[182],"power":[183],"modern":[185],"informing":[187],"policymakers":[188],"about":[189],"need":[191],"for":[192],"targeted":[193],"interventions":[194],"address":[196],"relying":[201],"on":[202],"growth":[204],"alone.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}