{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411031592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020038","title":"Security and Performance Analyses of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms and Their TLS and PKI Integrations","display_name":"Security and Performance Analyses of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms and Their TLS and PKI Integrations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411031592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography9020038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/9/2/38/pdf?version=1749027328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/9/2/38/pdf?version=1749027328","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017984461","display_name":"Manohar Raavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-4725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manohar Raavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-4725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111416541","display_name":"Qaiser M. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-5181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qaiser Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-5181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080519285","display_name":"Simeon Wuthier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4088-7518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simeon Wuthier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4088-7518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022227526","display_name":"Pranav Chandramouli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-2969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranav Chandramouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084784013","display_name":"Yaroslav Balytskyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaroslav Balytskyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-6232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025389734","display_name":"Sang\u2010Yoon Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-5823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Yoon Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-5823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017984461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":7.6229,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9683108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.7396597266197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6694118976593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature-algorithm","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","score":0.6022598743438721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.5971532464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5801397562026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.42829155921936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4130606949329376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27995920181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2573981285095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20358332991600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.1991972029209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.13631486892700195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.7396597266197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6694118976593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202424057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224829","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","level":4,"score":0.6022598743438721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.5971532464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5801397562026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.42829155921936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4130606949329376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27995920181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2573981285095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20358332991600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.1991972029209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.13631486892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography9020038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/9/2/38/pdf?version=1749027328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d533dd96d11348eb816dae46118bcade","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d533dd96d11348eb816dae46118bcade","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 9, Iss 2, p 38 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography9020038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/9/2/38/pdf?version=1749027328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345125027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1922410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411031592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411031592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115629558","https://openalex.org/W1761303171","https://openalex.org/W1996519437","https://openalex.org/W2079416813","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2109371739","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2155328695","https://openalex.org/W2159226773","https://openalex.org/W2395257401","https://openalex.org/W2593295608","https://openalex.org/W2767399671","https://openalex.org/W2780416090","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2792045232","https://openalex.org/W2802967788","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W2914654142","https://openalex.org/W2919682937","https://openalex.org/W2961566779","https://openalex.org/W3007841246","https://openalex.org/W3013288840","https://openalex.org/W3092548444","https://openalex.org/W3097085459","https://openalex.org/W3159258450","https://openalex.org/W3172955269","https://openalex.org/W3175994455","https://openalex.org/W3196921598","https://openalex.org/W3216234213","https://openalex.org/W4229023058","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4247903245","https://openalex.org/W4312438667","https://openalex.org/W4312559487","https://openalex.org/W4312854027","https://openalex.org/W4377969818","https://openalex.org/W4385269816","https://openalex.org/W4385325008","https://openalex.org/W4385687913","https://openalex.org/W4385711304","https://openalex.org/W4385819977","https://openalex.org/W4391929660","https://openalex.org/W4393224433","https://openalex.org/W4393647257","https://openalex.org/W4394730808","https://openalex.org/W4399426035","https://openalex.org/W4402156157","https://openalex.org/W4405242256","https://openalex.org/W4413755493","https://openalex.org/W6724049718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376429224","https://openalex.org/W2348753447","https://openalex.org/W2087595704","https://openalex.org/W4313288832","https://openalex.org/W2382772545","https://openalex.org/W2392378177","https://openalex.org/W3177125027","https://openalex.org/W2391336758","https://openalex.org/W2390942931","https://openalex.org/W2149234266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"computing":[1],"challenges":[2],"the":[3,7,10,20,36,65,79,93,98,103,109,139,151,158,163,181],"mathematical":[4],"problems":[5,68],"anchoring":[6],"security":[8,83,168],"of":[9,23,44,60,142,154],"classical":[11,164],"public":[12,17,40],"key":[13,18,41],"algorithms.":[14,88],"For":[15],"quantum-resistant":[16],"algorithms,":[19],"National":[21],"Institute":[22],"Standards":[24],"and":[25,34,47,112,122,128,144,174],"Technology":[26],"(NIST)":[27],"has":[28],"undergone":[29],"a":[30,74],"multi-year":[31],"standardization":[32],"process":[33],"selected":[35],"post-quantum":[37],"cryptography":[38],"(PQC)":[39],"digital":[42],"signatures":[43],"Dilithium,":[45],"Falcon,":[46],"SPHINCS+.":[48,155],"Finding":[49],"common":[50],"ground":[51],"to":[52,77],"compare":[53,92],"these":[54],"algorithms":[55,141,153],"can":[56,161],"be":[57],"difficult":[58],"because":[59],"their":[61],"design":[62],"differences,":[63],"including":[64],"fundamental":[66],"math":[67],"(lattice-based":[69],"vs.":[70,82],"hash-based).":[71],"We":[72],"use":[73],"visualization":[75],"model":[76],"show":[78,137],"key/signature":[80],"size":[81],"trade-offs":[84],"for":[85,170],"all":[86],"PQC":[87,160],"Our":[89,135],"performance":[90],"analyses":[91],"algorithms\u2019":[94,105],"computational":[95,148],"loads":[96],"in":[97,180],"execution":[99],"time.":[100],"Building":[101],"on":[102],"individual":[104],"analyses,":[106],"we":[107],"analyze":[108],"communication":[110],"costs":[111],"implementation":[113],"overheads":[114,149],"when":[115],"integrated":[116],"with":[117,123,166],"Public":[118],"Key":[119],"Infrastructure":[120],"(PKI)":[121],"Transport":[124],"Layer":[125],"Security":[126],"(TLS)":[127],"Transmission":[129],"Control":[130],"Protocol":[131,133],"(TCP)/Internet":[132],"(IP).":[134],"results":[136],"that":[138],"lattice-based":[140,159],"Dilithium":[143,172],"Falcon":[145,175],"induce":[146],"lower":[147],"than":[150],"hash-based":[152],"In":[156],"addition,":[157],"outperform":[162,177],"algorithm":[165],"comparable":[167],"strength;":[169],"example,":[171],"2":[173],"512":[176],"RSA":[178],"4096":[179],"TLS":[182],"handshake":[183],"time":[184],"duration.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}