{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404229801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051","title":"A Secure Approach Out-of-Band for e-Bank with Visual Two-Factor Authorization Protocol","display_name":"A Secure Approach Out-of-Band for e-Bank with Visual Two-Factor Authorization Protocol","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404229801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8040051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007738809","display_name":"Laerte Peotta de Melo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laerte Peotta de Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-6601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024097966","display_name":"Dino Amaral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-1057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dino Macedo Amaral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-1057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000009381","display_name":"Robson de Oliveira Albuquerque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-3374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97750245","display_name":"Software (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ethns06","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}],"countries":["BR","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robson de Oliveira Albuquerque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-3374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056962045","display_name":"Rafael T. de Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-3029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Tim\u00f3teo de Sousa J\u00fanior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-3029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042116301","display_name":"Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-9017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97750245","display_name":"Software (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ethns06","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}],"countries":["BR","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-9017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia, Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086946465","display_name":"Luis Javier Garc\u00eda Villalba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-6272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97750245","display_name":"Software (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ethns06","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Javier Garc\u00eda Villalba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-6272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I97750245"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086946465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I97750245"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62594974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"51","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6093961000442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5825322866439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorization","display_name":"Authorization","score":0.5378756523132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47947272658348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44388359785079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13855955004692078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09697887301445007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6093961000442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5825322866439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108759981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788590","display_name":"Authorization","level":2,"score":0.5378756523132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47947272658348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44388359785079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13855955004692078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09697887301445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8040051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7bf73f172e5419d8ef744d5ff4eb837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7bf73f172e5419d8ef744d5ff4eb837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 8, Iss 4, p 51 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8040051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8040051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126333765","https://openalex.org/W1542059364","https://openalex.org/W1580733778","https://openalex.org/W1892798954","https://openalex.org/W1994386233","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2028135158","https://openalex.org/W2133126578","https://openalex.org/W2141052457","https://openalex.org/W2155007920","https://openalex.org/W2156298795","https://openalex.org/W2327438047","https://openalex.org/W2338497763","https://openalex.org/W2414348368","https://openalex.org/W2507044860","https://openalex.org/W2588762288","https://openalex.org/W2960619569","https://openalex.org/W2968548076","https://openalex.org/W2983589703","https://openalex.org/W3025871101","https://openalex.org/W3115024441","https://openalex.org/W3133843004","https://openalex.org/W3197944870","https://openalex.org/W3198578122","https://openalex.org/W3199298936","https://openalex.org/W4220656428","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4285308403","https://openalex.org/W4296657882","https://openalex.org/W4312199143","https://openalex.org/W4321098124","https://openalex.org/W4386533388","https://openalex.org/W4390120028","https://openalex.org/W4392964524","https://openalex.org/W4396512225","https://openalex.org/W4399489273","https://openalex.org/W4401812829","https://openalex.org/W6632410262","https://openalex.org/W6634709136","https://openalex.org/W6701604249","https://openalex.org/W6733648795","https://openalex.org/W6801029006","https://openalex.org/W6809397935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,66,107,135,166,180,209],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,14,124],"innovative":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,144,158,218],"secure":[7],"authentication":[8,53,228],"in":[9,48,63,141,170],"internet":[10],"banking":[11,220],"transactions,":[12],"utilizing":[13],"Out-of-Band":[15],"visual":[16,83],"two-factor":[17],"authorization":[18],"protocol.":[19],"With":[20],"the":[21,36,49,70,98,110,196,199],"increasing":[22],"rise":[23],"of":[24,41,51,198,204,236],"cyber":[25],"attacks":[26,129],"and":[27,39,58,97,115,133,147,164,178,215,222,234],"fraud,":[28],"new":[29],"security":[30,62],"models":[31],"are":[32],"needed":[33],"that":[34],"ensure":[35],"integrity,":[37],"authenticity,":[38],"confidentiality":[40],"financial":[42],"transactions.":[43],"identified":[45],"gap":[46],"lies":[47],"inability":[50],"traditional":[52],"methods,":[54],"such":[55,85,130,230],"as":[56,86,131,231],"TANs":[57],"tokens,":[59],"to":[60,79,103,127,226],"provide":[61],"untrusted":[64],"terminals.":[65],"proposed":[67],"solution":[68,217],"is":[69,91],"Dynamic":[71],"Authorization":[72],"Protocol":[73],"(DAP),":[74],"which":[75],"uses":[76],"mobile":[77,121],"devices":[78,146],"validate":[80],"transactions":[81,221],"through":[82],"codes,":[84],"QR":[87],"codes.":[88],"Each":[89],"transaction":[90,111,176],"assigned":[92],"a":[93,113,139,148,153,183,213],"unique":[94],"associated":[95],"code,":[96],"challenge":[99],"must":[100],"be":[101,224],"responded":[102],"within":[104],"120":[105],"s.":[106],"customer":[108],"initiates":[109],"on":[112,119,174],"computer":[114],"independently":[116],"validates":[117],"it":[118],"their":[120],"device":[122],"using":[123],"out-of-band":[125],"channel":[126],"prevent":[128],"phishing":[132],"man-in-the-middle.":[134],"methodology":[136],"involves":[137],"implementing":[138],"prototype":[140],"Java":[142,149],"ME":[143],"Android":[145],"application":[150],"server,":[151],"creating":[152],"practical,":[154],"low-computational-cost":[155],"system,":[156],"accessible":[157],"use":[159,205],"across":[160],"different":[161],"operating":[162],"systems":[163],"devices.":[165,238],"protocol":[167,211],"was":[168],"tested":[169],"real-world":[171],"scenarios,":[172],"focusing":[173],"ensuring":[175],"integrity":[177],"authenticity.":[179],"results":[181],"show":[182],"successful":[184],"implementation":[185],"at":[186],"Banco":[187],"do":[188],"Brasil,":[189],"with":[190],"3.6":[191],"million":[192],"active":[193],"users,":[194],"demonstrating":[195],"efficiency":[197],"model":[200],"over":[201],"12":[202],"years":[203],"without":[206],"significant":[207],"vulnerabilities.":[208],"DAP":[210],"provides":[212],"robust":[214],"effective":[216],"securing":[219],"can":[223],"extended":[225],"other":[227],"environments,":[229],"payment":[232],"terminals":[233],"point":[235],"sale":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
