{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399079606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020022","title":"Defence against Side-Channel Attacks for Encrypted Network Communication Using Multiple Paths","display_name":"Defence against Side-Channel Attacks for Encrypted Network Communication Using Multiple Paths","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399079606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/22/pdf?version=1716895931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/22/pdf?version=1716895931","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047232129","display_name":"Gregor Tamati Haywood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5583-5935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Tamati Haywood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5583-5935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072022882","display_name":"Saleem Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-9997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saleem Noel Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-9997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072022882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.5734,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85212351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.8620245456695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7043936848640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6279810667037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6053115725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47800078988075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.47663888335227966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3191819190979004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.8620245456695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7043936848640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6279810667037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6053115725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47800078988075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.47663888335227966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3191819190979004}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/22/pdf?version=1716895931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:736c04d4a1554dec96f440312a0f2032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/736c04d4a1554dec96f440312a0f2032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 22 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/29942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/22/pdf?version=1716895931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399079606.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105475431","https://openalex.org/W627553282","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1823805418","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2149280729","https://openalex.org/W2167266744","https://openalex.org/W2237503941","https://openalex.org/W2545990795","https://openalex.org/W2737058386","https://openalex.org/W2752949934","https://openalex.org/W2785172887","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964123888","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2973227886","https://openalex.org/W3014063231","https://openalex.org/W3016747203","https://openalex.org/W3026365289","https://openalex.org/W3047194494","https://openalex.org/W3049399107","https://openalex.org/W3106813043","https://openalex.org/W3127161477","https://openalex.org/W3157286348","https://openalex.org/W4205757162","https://openalex.org/W4221074355","https://openalex.org/W4251006855","https://openalex.org/W4282542922","https://openalex.org/W4283331389","https://openalex.org/W4362586689","https://openalex.org/W4387760986","https://openalex.org/W4388262486","https://openalex.org/W6620083026","https://openalex.org/W6637528138","https://openalex.org/W6640935840","https://openalex.org/W6721709483","https://openalex.org/W6748258487","https://openalex.org/W6760932769","https://openalex.org/W6838568655","https://openalex.org/W6925519290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323824501","https://openalex.org/W3006344745","https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W2103519941","https://openalex.org/W3180573957","https://openalex.org/W2162805750","https://openalex.org/W2043669269","https://openalex.org/W1968560271","https://openalex.org/W4388856880","https://openalex.org/W2081998479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"more":[1],"network":[2],"communication":[3,35,184,242],"is":[4,73,77,168],"encrypted":[5],"to":[6,60,83,90,172,226,230],"provide":[7],"data":[8,59],"privacy":[9],"for":[10,21,80,100,164,223],"users,":[11],"attackers":[12],"are":[13,155],"focusing":[14],"their":[15],"attention":[16],"on":[17,24,57,174,214],"traffic":[18,190,211],"analysis":[19],"methods":[20],"side-channel":[22],"attacks":[23,28],"user":[25],"privacy.":[26],"These":[27],"exploit":[29,231],"patterns":[30],"in":[31,228],"particular":[32],"features":[33],"of":[34,109,113,202,208,240],"flows":[36],"such":[37,48,138],"as":[38,49,139],"interpacket":[39],"timings":[40,119],"and":[41,116,133,144,154],"packet":[42,68,98,118,123],"sizes.":[43],"Unsupervised":[44],"machine":[45],"learning":[46],"approaches,":[47],"Hidden":[50],"Markov":[51],"Models":[52],"(HMMs),":[53],"can":[54,149,185],"be":[55,150,162,186],"trained":[56],"unlabelled":[58],"estimate":[61],"these":[62,147],"flow":[63],"attributes":[64],"from":[65],"an":[66,81,169,180],"exposed":[67],"flow,":[69,102],"even":[70],"one":[71],"that":[72,179],"encrypted,":[74],"so":[75],"it":[76],"highly":[78],"feasible":[79],"eavesdropper":[82],"perform":[84],"this":[85,203],"attack.":[86],"Traditional":[87],"defences":[88,129],"try":[89],"protect":[91],"specific":[92],"side":[93],"channels":[94],"by":[95,104],"modifying":[96],"the":[97,101,126,194,200,215,232],"transmission":[99,124],"e.g.,":[103],"adding":[105],"redundant":[106],"information":[107],"(padding":[108],"packets":[110],"or":[111],"use":[112],"junk":[114],"packets)":[115],"perturbing":[117],"(e.g.,":[120],"artificially":[121],"delaying":[122],"at":[125],"sender).":[127],"Such":[128],"incur":[130],"significant":[131],"overhead":[132],"impact":[134],"application-level":[135],"performance":[136],"metrics,":[137],"latency,":[140],"throughput,":[141],"end-to-end":[142],"delay,":[143],"jitter.":[145],"Furthermore,":[146],"mechanisms":[148],"complex,":[151],"often":[152],"ineffective,":[153],"not":[156],"general":[157],"solutions\u2014a":[158],"new":[159],"profile":[160],"must":[161],"created":[163],"every":[165],"application,":[166],"which":[167],"infeasible":[170],"expectation":[171],"place":[173],"software":[175,224],"developers.":[176],"We":[177],"show":[178],"approach":[181,204],"exploiting":[182],"multipath":[183],"effective":[187],"against":[188],"HMM-based":[189],"analysis.":[191],"After":[192],"presenting":[193],"core":[195],"analytical":[196],"background,":[197],"we":[198,217,234],"demonstrate":[199],"efficacy":[201],"with":[205],"a":[206,237],"number":[207],"diverse,":[209],"simulated":[210],"flows.":[212],"Based":[213],"results,":[216],"define":[218],"some":[219],"simple":[220],"design":[221],"rules":[222],"developers":[225],"adopt":[227],"order":[229],"mechanism":[233],"describe,":[235],"including":[236],"critical":[238],"examination":[239],"existing":[241],"protocol":[243],"behavior.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
