{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395011681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020016","title":"An Engineered Minimal-Set Stimulus for Periodic Information Leakage Fault Detection on a RISC-V Microprocessor","display_name":"An Engineered Minimal-Set Stimulus for Periodic Information Leakage Fault Detection on a RISC-V Microprocessor","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395011681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/16/pdf?version=1713781693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/16/pdf?version=1713781693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093711067","display_name":"Idris Somoye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-197X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Idris O. Somoye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029774084","display_name":"Jim Plusquellic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Plusquellic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074967265","display_name":"Tom J. Mannos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom J. Mannos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076250935","display_name":"Brian Dziki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-7475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330347796","display_name":"United States Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Dziki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Assurance Research, Department of Defense, Fort G. G. Meade, Fort Meade, MD 24003, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Assurance Research, Department of Defense, Fort G. G. Meade, Fort Meade, MD 24003, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093711067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.4894,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56778389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"16","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.6551890969276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-coverage","display_name":"Fault coverage","score":0.6528768539428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6511824131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6373729705810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.6050201058387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.488491415977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stuck-at-fault","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","score":0.48321449756622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4715542793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.44751760363578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.4267571270465851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-test-pattern-generation","display_name":"Automatic test pattern generation","score":0.41759198904037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38672298192977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34879547357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.2667059302330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24334168434143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.21751618385314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20247000455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10446849465370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09952676296234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09749448299407959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.6551890969276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.6528768539428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6511824131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6373729705810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6050201058387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.488491415977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13625343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627418","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","level":4,"score":0.48321449756622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4715542793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.44751760363578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.4267571270465851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17626397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837455","display_name":"Automatic test pattern generation","level":3,"score":0.41759198904037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38672298192977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34879547357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.2667059302330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24334168434143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.21751618385314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20247000455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10446849465370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09952676296234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09749448299407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/16/pdf?version=1713781693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2341388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2341388","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2341388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32af8ab5752241d9b69ccc66a3420f0a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32af8ab5752241d9b69ccc66a3420f0a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 16 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography8020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/8/2/16/pdf?version=1713781693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395011681.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103202014","https://openalex.org/W2109910909","https://openalex.org/W2130189691","https://openalex.org/W2143242007","https://openalex.org/W2151113616","https://openalex.org/W2151845324","https://openalex.org/W2484535003","https://openalex.org/W3008380518","https://openalex.org/W3121121478","https://openalex.org/W3148627525","https://openalex.org/W3169339168","https://openalex.org/W4246967910","https://openalex.org/W4289704928","https://openalex.org/W4308975205","https://openalex.org/W4390806264","https://openalex.org/W6658959456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2340957901","https://openalex.org/W4256030018","https://openalex.org/W2147400189","https://openalex.org/W3147038789","https://openalex.org/W2068571131","https://openalex.org/W1555400249","https://openalex.org/W2952274626","https://openalex.org/W2092357065","https://openalex.org/W2115005577","https://openalex.org/W2913077774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"evaluations":[1],"of":[2,20,28,48,69,92,98,143],"counter-based":[3,132],"periodic":[4],"testing":[5],"strategies":[6],"for":[7,109],"fault":[8,53,78,141,157],"detection":[9,54,79,158],"in":[10,96,168],"Microprocessor":[11],"(\u03bcP)":[12],"have":[13],"shown":[14],"that":[15,37,61,81,139],"only":[16,162],"a":[17,49,77,89,99,112,128,163],"small":[18,90,151],"set":[19,91],"counters":[21,95,167],"is":[22,135,147],"needed":[23],"to":[24,156],"provide":[25],"complete":[26,140],"coverage":[27,142],"severe":[29],"faults.":[30],"Severe":[31],"faults":[32,36,146],"are":[33],"defined":[34],"as":[35],"leak":[38],"sensitive":[39],"information,":[40],"e.g.,":[41],"an":[42,83,117],"encryption":[43],"key":[44],"on":[45],"the":[46,64,70,114,125,169],"output":[47],"serial":[50],"port.":[51],"Alternatively,":[52],"can":[55],"be":[56],"accomplished":[57],"by":[58,160],"executing":[59],"instructions":[60],"periodically":[62],"test":[63],"control":[65],"and":[66,124,159],"functional":[67],"units":[68],"\u03bcP.":[71,170],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"method":[80],"utilizes":[82],"\u2019engineered\u2019":[84],"executable":[85],"program":[86],"combined":[87],"with":[88,153],"strategically":[93,165],"placed":[94,166],"pursuit":[97],"hardware":[100],"Periodic":[101],"Built-In-Self-Test":[102],"(PBIST).":[103],"We":[104,137],"analyze":[105],"two":[106],"distinct":[107],"methods":[108],"generating":[110],"such":[111],"binary;":[113],"first":[115],"uses":[116,127],"Automatic":[118],"Test":[119],"Generation":[120],"Pattern":[121],"(ATPG)-based":[122],"methodology,":[123],"second":[126],"process":[129],"whereby":[130],"existing":[131],"node-monitoring":[133],"infrastructure":[134],"utilized.":[136],"show":[138],"all":[144],"leakage":[145],"possible":[148],"using":[149],"relatively":[150],"binaries":[152],"low":[154],"latency":[155],"utilizing":[161],"few":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
