{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387399434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7040049","title":"On Multiple Encryption for Public-Key Cryptography","display_name":"On Multiple Encryption for Public-Key Cryptography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387399434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7040049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/4/49/pdf?version=1696591434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/4/49/pdf?version=1696591434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083182147","display_name":"Tudor Soroceanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8372-4503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136922","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security","ror":"https://ror.org/03w0bbr97","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tudor Soroceanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8372-4503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102828417","display_name":"Nicolas Buchmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136922","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security","ror":"https://ror.org/03w0bbr97","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Buchmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-6059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033147833","display_name":"Marian Margraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8577-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136922","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security","ror":"https://ror.org/03w0bbr97","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Margraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Systems Engineering, Fraunhofer AISEC, 14199 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083182147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136922"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1548,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1669},"fwci":0.5274,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72466107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"49","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7669111490249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6888311505317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-encryption","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","score":0.6717431545257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5233439803123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/56-bit-encryption","display_name":"56-bit encryption","score":0.5063174962997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.48276153206825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47239965200424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47081002593040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4557556211948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-encryption","display_name":"Multiple encryption","score":0.45197319984436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribute-based-encryption","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","score":0.4478158950805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterministic-encryption","display_name":"Deterministic encryption","score":0.4301917552947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/40-bit-encryption","display_name":"40-bit encryption","score":0.418911874294281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7669111490249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6888311505317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6717431545257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5233439803123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46905813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4640678","display_name":"56-bit encryption","level":4,"score":0.5063174962997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.48276153206825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47239965200424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47081002593040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4557556211948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.45197319984436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7646194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818713","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","level":4,"score":0.4478158950805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57795399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265706","display_name":"Deterministic encryption","level":4,"score":0.4301917552947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4637271","display_name":"40-bit encryption","level":3,"score":0.418911874294281}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/4/49/pdf?version=1696591434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c8207a6baaa4110b4664bef7fc83d96","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c8207a6baaa4110b4664bef7fc83d96","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 7, Iss 4, p 49 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/465677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/465677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/4/49/pdf?version=1696591434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387399434.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501106371","https://openalex.org/W1516512945","https://openalex.org/W1580920982","https://openalex.org/W1587391206","https://openalex.org/W1599446772","https://openalex.org/W1964481631","https://openalex.org/W1979877342","https://openalex.org/W1982227476","https://openalex.org/W1987524735","https://openalex.org/W1989430648","https://openalex.org/W1995261385","https://openalex.org/W2018864705","https://openalex.org/W2081647269","https://openalex.org/W2096211577","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2154640004","https://openalex.org/W2155099317","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2157679418","https://openalex.org/W2164987725","https://openalex.org/W2480001466","https://openalex.org/W2480510614","https://openalex.org/W2482419090","https://openalex.org/W2489157929","https://openalex.org/W2496761898","https://openalex.org/W2499464388","https://openalex.org/W2538739524","https://openalex.org/W2740966734","https://openalex.org/W2747960187","https://openalex.org/W2914929826","https://openalex.org/W2957658350","https://openalex.org/W2970097841","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3006711305","https://openalex.org/W3013586738","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3201868317","https://openalex.org/W3208593175","https://openalex.org/W4206579417","https://openalex.org/W4211071954","https://openalex.org/W4221100634","https://openalex.org/W4223451730","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4232925195","https://openalex.org/W4239555993","https://openalex.org/W4298844132","https://openalex.org/W4322095736","https://openalex.org/W4365807676","https://openalex.org/W4376530400","https://openalex.org/W6649304700","https://openalex.org/W6724049718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389178160","https://openalex.org/W1993945719","https://openalex.org/W4387191618","https://openalex.org/W2355986883","https://openalex.org/W2545514196","https://openalex.org/W2184870945","https://openalex.org/W2144246620","https://openalex.org/W3149394126","https://openalex.org/W2564633714","https://openalex.org/W2545608624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"multiple,":[1],"individual":[2],"encryption":[3,20,48,66,128],"schemes":[4,23,49,79,107],"is":[5],"a":[6,59,87],"well-established":[7],"method":[8],"to":[9,34],"increase":[10],"the":[11,28,35,43,62,70,75,95,100,106,121],"overall":[12],"security":[13,85],"of":[14,30,37,45,61,105,123],"encrypted":[15],"data.":[16],"These":[17],"so-called":[18],"multiple":[19,65],"or":[21],"hybrid":[22],"have":[24],"regained":[25],"traction":[26],"in":[27,80,86],"context":[29],"public-key":[31,64],"cryptography":[32],"due":[33],"rise":[36],"quantum":[38],"computers,":[39],"since":[40],"it":[41],"allows":[42,91],"combination":[44],"well-known":[46],"classical":[47],"with":[50],"novel":[51],"post-quantum":[52],"schemes.":[53,68,96],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,73,98],"conduct":[58],"survey":[60,119],"state-of-the-art":[63],"(M-PKE)":[67],"For":[69],"first":[71],"time,":[72],"describe":[74],"most":[76],"relevant":[77],"M-PKE":[78],"detail":[81],"and":[82,103,108],"discuss":[83],"their":[84],"unified":[88],"model,":[89],"which":[90],"better":[92],"comparison":[93],"between":[94],"Hence,":[97],"compare":[99],"security,":[101],"efficiency,":[102],"complexity":[104],"offer":[109],"recommendations":[110],"for":[111],"usage":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114],"common":[115],"use":[116],"cases.":[117],"Our":[118],"emphasizes":[120],"importance":[122],"being":[124],"deliberate":[125],"when":[126],"combining":[127],"schemes,":[129],"as":[130],"small":[131],"nuances":[132],"can":[133],"easily":[134],"break":[135],"security.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}