{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380991620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020032","title":"Research on PoW Protocol Security under Optimized Long Delay Attack","display_name":"Research on PoW Protocol Security under Optimized Long Delay Attack","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380991620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/2/32/pdf?version=1686881468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/2/32/pdf?version=1686881468","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100747830","display_name":"Tao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-9017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927687","display_name":"Yufeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6602-7802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100747830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92689014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"32","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7266599535942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7002243995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.6741745471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6005436778068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5733112096786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5347434878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5242184400558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49434423446655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4777628481388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4704132378101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.4383329451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10180142521858215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7266599535942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7002243995666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.6741745471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6005436778068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5733112096786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5347434878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5242184400558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49434423446655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4777628481388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4704132378101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.4383329451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10180142521858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/2/32/pdf?version=1686881468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:31e2592aa577487f82a4e5f21fa9666c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/31e2592aa577487f82a4e5f21fa9666c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 7, Iss 2, p 32 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography7020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/7/2/32/pdf?version=1686881468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1199283169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62162039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2771431862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61762060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6248028694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62162039, 61762060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7109446775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"621620","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G950575760","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20YF3GA016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380991620.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W2283144047","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2408417311","https://openalex.org/W2568588571","https://openalex.org/W2571698069","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2893169788","https://openalex.org/W2997883686","https://openalex.org/W3000499911","https://openalex.org/W3030538593","https://openalex.org/W3109110085","https://openalex.org/W3205559072","https://openalex.org/W4283726703","https://openalex.org/W4292859841","https://openalex.org/W4307904721","https://openalex.org/W6753751735","https://openalex.org/W6763986627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4387796593","https://openalex.org/W4283462274","https://openalex.org/W2604394466","https://openalex.org/W2952603690","https://openalex.org/W2941205169","https://openalex.org/W4328053081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,4,15,24,35,38,42,54,59,62,66,76,84,90,95,100,105,110,114,117,120,125,128,132,139,150,154,159,166,174,179,184,188],"blockchain":[2,78],"network,":[3],"communication":[5],"delay":[6,45,69,161],"between":[7,127],"different":[8],"nodes":[9],"is":[10,23,47,56,71,136,163],"a":[11,143,192],"great":[12],"threat":[13],"to":[14,104],"distributed":[16],"ledger":[17],"consistency":[18],"of":[19,27,37,44,61,68,116,147,152,178,187],"each":[20],"miner.":[21],"Blockchain":[22],"core":[25],"technology":[26],"Bitcoin.":[28],"At":[29],"present,":[30],"some":[31],"research":[32,55],"has":[33,142],"proven":[34],"security":[36,60],"PoW":[39,63,85],"protocol":[40,64,86],"when":[41,65,149],"number":[43,67],"rounds":[46,70],"small,":[48],"but":[49],"in":[50,99,119,169],"complex":[51],"asynchronous":[52],"networks,":[53],"insufficient":[57],"on":[58,165],"large.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"improves":[75,183],"proposed":[77],"main":[79,96],"chain":[80,97],"record":[81,98],"model":[82,101,118,130,141],"under":[83],"and":[87,108,131,182],"then":[88],"proposes":[89],"TOD":[91,129],"model,":[92,134],"which":[93,172],"makes":[94,173],"more":[102],"close":[103],"actual":[106],"situation":[107],"reduces":[109],"errors":[111],"caused":[112],"by":[113],"establishment":[115],"analysis":[121],"process.":[122],"By":[123],"comparing":[124],"differences":[126],"original":[133],"it":[135],"verified":[137],"that":[138],"improved":[140,164],"higher":[144],"success":[145,185],"rate":[146,186],"attack":[148,162,168,190],"probability":[151],"mining":[153],"delayable":[155],"block":[156],"increases.":[157],"Then,":[158],"long":[160],"balance":[167],"this":[170],"paper,":[171],"adversary":[175,189],"control":[176],"part":[177],"computing":[180],"power":[181],"within":[191],"certain":[193],"limit.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
