{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289704928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030038","title":"Node Monitoring as a Fault Detection Countermeasure against Information Leakage within a RISC-V Microprocessor","display_name":"Node Monitoring as a Fault Detection Countermeasure against Information Leakage within a RISC-V Microprocessor","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289704928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography6030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/6/3/38/pdf?version=1659500069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/6/3/38/pdf?version=1659500069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030875652","display_name":"Donald E. Owen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald E. Owen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059931626","display_name":"Jithin Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-1320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jithin Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029774084","display_name":"Jim Plusquellic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jim Plusquellic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074967265","display_name":"Tom J. Mannos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom J. Mannos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced CMOS Products/Design, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076250935","display_name":"Brian Dziki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-7475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330347796","display_name":"United States Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Dziki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Assurance Research, Department of Defense, Fort G. G. Meade, Anne Arundel County, MD 24003, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Assurance Research, Department of Defense, Fort G. G. Meade, Anne Arundel County, MD 24003, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029774084"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3682,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5706955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6559765338897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5922392010688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.5314568281173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5271298885345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.5122922658920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.45554178953170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.42694470286369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4266117811203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20012468099594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17361631989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.08200982213020325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6559765338897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5922392010688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.5314568281173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5271298885345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5122922658920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.45554178953170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.42694470286369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4266117811203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20012468099594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17361631989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.08200982213020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography6030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/6/3/38/pdf?version=1659500069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4287f734597641b98ef943f29be60ab9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4287f734597641b98ef943f29be60ab9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 6, Iss 3, p 38 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1882624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1882624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography6030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/6/3/38/pdf?version=1659500069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289704928.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289704928.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1864485850","https://openalex.org/W1964073704","https://openalex.org/W2143242007","https://openalex.org/W2151845324","https://openalex.org/W2346205343","https://openalex.org/W2883183116","https://openalex.org/W2915797417","https://openalex.org/W3142506685","https://openalex.org/W3148627525","https://openalex.org/W3169339168","https://openalex.org/W4246967910","https://openalex.org/W6674508388","https://openalex.org/W6987020231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W39373273","https://openalex.org/W2098026815","https://openalex.org/W2390545901","https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2351709090","https://openalex.org/W3123987581","https://openalex.org/W2358406440","https://openalex.org/W2352435628","https://openalex.org/W3175365978","https://openalex.org/W2768334046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced,":[0],"superscalar":[1],"microprocessors":[2,127],"(\u03bcP)":[3],"are":[4,121,142,163,176],"highly":[5,13],"susceptible":[6],"to":[7,46,75,84,94,107,178],"wear-out":[8],"failures":[9],"because":[10],"of":[11,26,41,53,66,97,114,147,153,199,217],"their":[12],"complex,":[14],"densely":[15],"packed":[16],"circuit":[17],"structure":[18],"and":[19,29,91,102,172,175,187],"extreme":[20],"operational":[21],"frequencies.":[22],"Although":[23],"many":[24],"types":[25],"fault":[27,185],"detection":[28],"mitigation":[30],"strategies":[31],"have":[32,36],"been":[33],"proposed,":[34],"none":[35],"addressed":[37],"the":[38,54,69,95,151,183,213,218],"specific":[39],"problem":[40],"detecting":[42,191],"faults":[43,109,202],"that":[44,68,86,110,149,155,196],"lead":[45],"information":[47],"leakage":[48,57,96,115,192,201],"events":[49],"on":[50,124,132,157],"I/O":[51],"channels":[52],"\u03bcP.":[55],"Information":[56],"can":[58],"be":[59],"defined":[60],"very":[61],"generally":[62],"as":[63,129],"any":[64],"type":[65,113],"output":[67,85],"executing":[70],"program":[71],"did":[72],"not":[73],"intend":[74],"produce.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78,82,112],"work,":[79],"we":[80],"restrict":[81],"definition":[83],"represents":[87],"a":[88,104,133,145,207],"security":[89],"concern,":[90],"in":[92],"particular,":[93],"plaintext":[98],"or":[99],"encryption":[100],"keys,":[101],"propose":[103],"counter-based":[105],"countermeasure":[106],"detect":[108],"cause":[111],"event.":[116],"Fault":[117],"injection":[118],"(FI)":[119],"experiments":[120],"carried":[122],"out":[123],"two":[125],"RISC-V":[126],"emulated":[128],"soft":[130],"cores":[131],"Xilinx":[134],"multi-processor":[135],"System-on-chip":[136],"(MPSoC)":[137],"FPGA.":[138],"The":[139,160],"\u03bcP":[140],"designs":[141],"instrumented":[143],"with":[144],"set":[146],"counters":[148,181],"records":[150],"number":[152],"transitions":[154],"occur":[156],"internal":[158,167],"nodes.":[159],"transition":[161],"counts":[162],"collected":[164],"from":[165],"all":[166,200],"nodes":[168],"under":[169],"both":[170],"fault-free":[171],"faulty":[173],"conditions,":[174],"analyzed":[177],"determine":[179],"which":[180],"provide":[182],"highest":[184],"coverage":[186,198],"lowest":[188],"latency":[189],"for":[190],"faults.":[193],"We":[194],"show":[195],"complete":[197],"is":[203],"possible":[204],"using":[205],"only":[206],"single":[208],"counter":[209],"strategically":[210],"placed":[211],"within":[212],"branch":[214],"compare":[215],"logic":[216],"\u03bcPs.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
