{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133799615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5010009","title":"Why Is Deep Learning Challenging for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Component Recognition and How Can We Address It?","display_name":"Why Is Deep Learning Challenging for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Component Recognition and How Can We Address It?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133799615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5010009","mag":"3133799615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/5/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/5/1/9/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071765291","display_name":"Mukhil Azhagan Mallaiyan Sathiaseelan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mukhil Azhagan Mallaiyan Sathiaseelan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042243554","display_name":"Olivia P. Paradis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivia P. Paradis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066175511","display_name":"Shayan Taheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3421-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shayan Taheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103242416","display_name":"Navid Asadizanjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Asadizanjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071765291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.3831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9470406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"9","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7456011772155762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7365614175796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6542178392410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6420261859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6125023365020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6013157963752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.5328365564346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.51534503698349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5013060569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfeit","display_name":"Counterfeit","score":0.49910497665405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45104125142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-assurance","display_name":"Information assurance","score":0.44528406858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.41557639837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37756913900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3516077995300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3466665744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16358432173728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1413687765598297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13153141736984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.09143796563148499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08446905016899109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7456011772155762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7365614175796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6542178392410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6420261859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6125023365020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6013157963752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.5328365564346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.51534503698349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5013060569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.49910497665405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45104125142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780795517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6030997","display_name":"Information assurance","level":3,"score":0.44528406858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.41557639837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37756913900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3516077995300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3466665744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16358432173728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1413687765598297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13153141736984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.09143796563148499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08446905016899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/5/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:534eed76eda14d8caed0b4c33922eb97","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/534eed76eda14d8caed0b4c33922eb97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 5, Iss 1, p 9 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/5/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133799615.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133799615.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2004241456","https://openalex.org/W2022277963","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2111301023","https://openalex.org/W2126096326","https://openalex.org/W2130281669","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2593419631","https://openalex.org/W2602178251","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2806646158","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2885417801","https://openalex.org/W2956416874","https://openalex.org/W2962727943","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2971587923","https://openalex.org/W2972006294","https://openalex.org/W2979661171","https://openalex.org/W3006606011","https://openalex.org/W3023646581","https://openalex.org/W3081524416","https://openalex.org/W3087875525","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108516240","https://openalex.org/W3117219596","https://openalex.org/W3176686472","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6703625862","https://openalex.org/W6753350025","https://openalex.org/W6777126450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191226418","https://openalex.org/W2357749344","https://openalex.org/W4323356230","https://openalex.org/W2362200800","https://openalex.org/W1539823648","https://openalex.org/W4290078996","https://openalex.org/W3113783116","https://openalex.org/W4372352523","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,47],"present":[4],"the":[5,49,76,89,94,121],"need":[6],"for":[7,12,29,130],"specialized":[8],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"(AI)":[11],"counterfeit":[13],"and":[14,36,64,69,80,102,117,126,133],"defect":[15],"detection":[16,24,54,81],"of":[17,51,88,100,105],"PCB":[18,135],"components.":[19],"Popular":[20],"computer":[21,124],"vision":[22],"object":[23,53],"techniques":[25],"are":[26],"not":[27],"sufficient":[28],"such":[30,56],"dense,":[31],"low":[32],"inter-class/high":[33],"intra-class":[34],"variation,":[35],"limited-data":[37],"hardware":[38,122],"assurance":[39],"scenarios":[40],"in":[41],"which":[42],"accuracy":[43],"is":[44,113],"paramount.":[45],"Hence,":[46],"explored":[48],"limitations":[50],"existing":[52],"methodologies,":[55],"as":[57],"region":[58],"based":[59],"convolutional":[60],"neural":[61],"networks":[62],"(RCNNs)":[63],"single":[65],"shot":[66],"detectors":[67],"(SSDs),":[68],"compared":[70,90],"them":[71],"with":[72,97],"our":[73],"proposed":[74],"method,":[75],"electronic":[77],"component":[78],"localization":[79],"network":[82],"(ECLAD-Net).":[83],"The":[84],"results":[85],"indicate":[86],"that,":[87],"methods,":[91],"ECLAD-Net":[92,108],"demonstrated":[93,109],"highest":[95],"performance,":[96,111],"a":[98,103],"precision":[99],"87.2%":[101],"recall":[104],"98.9%.":[106],"Though":[107],"decent":[110],"there":[112],"still":[114],"much":[115],"progress":[116],"collaboration":[118],"needed":[119],"from":[120],"assurance,":[123],"vision,":[125],"deep":[127],"learning":[128],"communities":[129],"automated,":[131],"accurate,":[132],"scalable":[134],"assurance.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
