{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967405606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","title":"Practically Feasible Robust Quantum Money with Classical Verification","display_name":"Practically Feasible Robust Quantum Money with Classical Verification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967405606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","mag":"2967405606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography3040026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/4/26/pdf?version=1575024630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/4/26/pdf?version=1575024630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Niraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.0126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82829827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"26","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.34130001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.34130001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.17630000412464142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.1559000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banknote","display_name":"Banknote","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779681140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47433","display_name":"Banknote","level":2,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3727000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19819980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947542","display_name":"Beam splitter","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography3040026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/4/26/pdf?version=1575024630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1908.04114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04114","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.04114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:349c819a454945a9a55055c53ecdd96c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/349c819a454945a9a55055c53ecdd96c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 3, Iss 4, p 26 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2410-387X/3/4/26/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography3040026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/3/4/26/pdf?version=1575024630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967405606.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967405606.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1762828224","https://openalex.org/W1963736202","https://openalex.org/W1988717044","https://openalex.org/W2006787007","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2015775929","https://openalex.org/W2016171474","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2062881383","https://openalex.org/W2117593045","https://openalex.org/W2136195941","https://openalex.org/W2148488235","https://openalex.org/W2159924820","https://openalex.org/W2163142987","https://openalex.org/W2164987874","https://openalex.org/W2170163127","https://openalex.org/W2198705846","https://openalex.org/W2234900041","https://openalex.org/W2336739613","https://openalex.org/W2336770924","https://openalex.org/W2537073295","https://openalex.org/W2754465331","https://openalex.org/W2767241442","https://openalex.org/W2778002911","https://openalex.org/W2899702797","https://openalex.org/W2901525727","https://openalex.org/W2913444954","https://openalex.org/W2963067893","https://openalex.org/W2963232112","https://openalex.org/W2969660594","https://openalex.org/W3030428504","https://openalex.org/W6697342186"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,127],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,16,19,27,71,130,149,167,196,202],"private":[3],"quantum":[4,33],"money":[5,64,136,163,230],"scheme":[6,25,65,98,137,164,215,231],"with":[7,102,200,232],"the":[8,44,48,77,103,117,121,145,171,179,220,233],"note":[9,67,95],"verification":[10,68,83,146,168],"procedure":[11,69],"based":[12,162],"on":[13],"sampling":[14],"matching,":[15],"problem":[17],"in":[18,53,96,181,213],"one-way":[20],"communication":[21],"complexity":[22],"model.":[23],"Our":[24],"involves":[26,166],"bank":[28,45],"who":[29,36],"produces":[30],"and":[31,39,80,107,144,154],"distributes":[32],"notes,":[34],"noteholders":[35],"are":[37],"untrusted,":[38],"trusted":[40],"local":[41,78],"verifiers":[42],"of":[43,62,93,105,123,134,142,173,205,211],"to":[46,55,115,125,178,195,218],"whom":[47],"holders":[49],"send":[50],"their":[51],"notes":[52],"order":[54],"carry":[56],"out":[57],"transactions.":[58],"The":[59],"key":[60],"aspects":[61],"our":[63,97,135,214],"include:":[66],"requiring":[70],"single":[72,150],"round":[73],"classical":[74],"interaction":[75],"between":[76],"verifier":[79],"bank;":[81],"fixed":[82,203],"circuit":[84,147,169],"that":[85,223],"uses":[86],"only":[87,201],"passive":[88],"linear":[89],"optical":[90,174,206],"components;":[91],"re-usability":[92],"each":[94],"which":[99],"grows":[100],"linearly":[101],"size":[104],"note;":[106],"an":[108],"unconditional":[109],"security":[110],"against":[111],"any":[112,190,228],"adversary":[113],"trying":[114],"forge":[116],"banknote":[118],"while":[119],"tolerating":[120],"noise":[122,183,192],"up":[124],"21.4%.":[126],"further":[128],"describe":[129],"practical":[131],"implementation":[132],"technique":[133],"using":[138],"weak":[139],"coherent":[140],"states":[141],"light":[143],"involving":[148],"50/50":[151],"beam":[152],"splitter":[153],"two":[155],"single-photon":[156],"threshold":[157,198],"detectors.":[158],"Previous":[159],"best-known":[160],"matching":[161],"proposal":[165],"where":[170],"number":[172,204],"components":[175,212],"increase":[176,180],"proportional":[177],"desired":[182,191],"tolerance":[184,193],"(robustness).":[185],"In":[186],"contrast,":[187],"we":[188],"achieve":[189],"(up":[194],"maximal":[197],"value)":[199],"components.":[207],"This":[208],"considerable":[209],"reduction":[210],"enables":[216],"us":[217],"reach":[219],"robustness":[221],"values":[222],"is":[224],"not":[225],"feasible":[226],"for":[227],"existing":[229],"current":[234],"technology.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2019-08-22T00:00:00"}