{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889319263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","title":"Hardware-Based Run-Time Code Integrity in Embedded Devices","display_name":"Hardware-Based Run-Time Code Integrity in Embedded Devices","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889319263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","mag":"2889319263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/20/pdf?version=1535632765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/20/pdf?version=1535632765","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067169268","display_name":"Taimour Wehbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4024-2835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taimour Wehbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4024-2835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083044684","display_name":"Vincent J. Mooney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9731-6563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Mooney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019160373","display_name":"D.C. Keezer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Keezer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067169268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.8461,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80592506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"20","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8432830572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5798405408859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5776454210281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrupt","display_name":"Interrupt","score":0.5662167072296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5262060761451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.49029043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47287389636039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.44614240527153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2386101484298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16123712062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.15490448474884033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8432830572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5798405408859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5776454210281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41661131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220764","display_name":"Interrupt","level":3,"score":0.5662167072296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5262060761451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.49029043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47287389636039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44614240527153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2386101484298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16123712062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.15490448474884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/20/pdf?version=1535632765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a9f3cc3dd754bdb9a270314c30d6d01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a9f3cc3dd754bdb9a270314c30d6d01","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 2, Iss 3, p 20 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2410-387X/2/3/20/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/20/pdf?version=1535632765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889319263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889319263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23208396","https://openalex.org/W585099323","https://openalex.org/W1504669610","https://openalex.org/W1745893157","https://openalex.org/W1964825150","https://openalex.org/W1984187936","https://openalex.org/W2011602498","https://openalex.org/W2012793123","https://openalex.org/W2020841721","https://openalex.org/W2052992577","https://openalex.org/W2076317514","https://openalex.org/W2089745089","https://openalex.org/W2098010707","https://openalex.org/W2119789280","https://openalex.org/W2120562931","https://openalex.org/W2136021246","https://openalex.org/W2136692917","https://openalex.org/W2140911579","https://openalex.org/W2149603369","https://openalex.org/W2158297335","https://openalex.org/W2159059513","https://openalex.org/W2159319976","https://openalex.org/W2242875313","https://openalex.org/W2532717356","https://openalex.org/W2648813750","https://openalex.org/W4249886898","https://openalex.org/W4256394779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288898221","https://openalex.org/W2358308054","https://openalex.org/W2391783641","https://openalex.org/W2109690896","https://openalex.org/W4231875098","https://openalex.org/W4230529130","https://openalex.org/W2391365542","https://openalex.org/W2361731841","https://openalex.org/W2386367690","https://openalex.org/W2505144121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attacks":[0],"on":[1,41,121],"embedded":[2],"devices":[3],"are":[4,54],"becoming":[5],"more":[6,8],"and":[7,49,103,126,155,187],"prevalent,":[9],"primarily":[10],"due":[11,43,61],"to":[12,35,44,57,62,82,105,158,168,182,189,198],"the":[13,22,45,58,106,118,122,137,140,147,159,169,195],"extensively":[14],"increasing":[15],"plethora":[16],"of":[17,21,26,47,117,139,171],"software":[18,42,64],"vulnerabilities.":[19],"One":[20],"most":[23],"dangerous":[24],"types":[25],"these":[27,52],"attacks":[28,38,60],"targets":[29],"application":[30,197],"code":[31,75,86,119,141],"at":[32,92,124,143],"run-time.":[33],"Techniques":[34],"detect":[36,83],"such":[37],"typically":[39],"rely":[40],"ease":[46],"implementation":[48],"integration.":[50],"However,":[51],"techniques":[53],"still":[55],"vulnerable":[56],"same":[59],"their":[63],"nature.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"work,":[68],"we":[69,80],"present":[70],"a":[71,98,130,172,184,190],"novel":[72],"hardware-assisted":[73],"run-time":[74,93,144],"integrity":[76,138],"checking":[77],"technique":[78],"where":[79],"aim":[81],"if":[84],"executable":[85],"resident":[87,179],"in":[88,129,180],"memory":[89,109,181],"is":[90,101,164,178],"modified":[91],"by":[94,145],"an":[95],"adversary.":[96],"Specifically,":[97],"hardware":[99],"monitor":[100,112],"designed":[102],"attached":[104],"device\u2019s":[107],"main":[108],"system.":[110],"The":[111,162],"creates":[113],"page-based":[114,148],"signatures":[115],"(hashes)":[116],"running":[120],"system":[123],"compile-time":[125],"stores":[127],"them":[128,157],"secure":[131],"database.":[132],"It":[133],"then":[134],"checks":[135],"for":[136,165],"pages":[142],"regenerating":[146],"hashes":[149],"(with":[150],"data":[151],"segments":[152],"zeroed":[153],"out)":[154],"comparing":[156],"legitimate":[160],"hashes.":[161],"goal":[163],"any":[166],"modification":[167],"binary":[170],"user-level":[173],"or":[174],"kernel-level":[175],"process":[176],"that":[177],"cause":[183],"comparison":[185],"failure":[186],"lead":[188],"kernel":[191],"interrupt":[192],"which":[193],"allows":[194],"affected":[196],"halt":[199],"safely.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
