{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2880068693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","title":"Non-Invasive Detection Method for Recycled Flash Memory Using Timing Characteristics \u2020","display_name":"Non-Invasive Detection Method for Recycled Flash Memory Using Timing Characteristics \u2020","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2880068693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","mag":"2880068693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/17/pdf?version=1534150026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/17/pdf?version=1534150026","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053315885","display_name":"Sadman Sakib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6585-5112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadman Sakib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101404125","display_name":"Preeti Kumari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preeti Kumari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086590194","display_name":"B. M. S. Bahar Talukder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. M. S. Bahar Talukder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091695146","display_name":"Md Tauhidur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-6388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Tauhidur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083246460","display_name":"Biswajit Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-1368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biswajit Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083246460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.0296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91835737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"17","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.7170509696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6990779042243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.6497271060943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.637414813041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.6040540933609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5283882021903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5106657147407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-file-system","display_name":"Flash file system","score":0.49466177821159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4691775143146515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-retention","display_name":"Data retention","score":0.45488643646240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.32154321670532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.20420050621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09790104627609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.07928085327148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.0743245780467987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.7170509696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6990779042243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.6497271060943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.637414813041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.6040540933609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5283882021903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5106657147407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27670709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457555","display_name":"Flash file system","level":4,"score":0.49466177821159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4691775143146515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780866740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227345","display_name":"Data retention","level":2,"score":0.45488643646240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.32154321670532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.20420050621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09790104627609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.07928085327148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0743245780467987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/17/pdf?version=1534150026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:158cdeef01ca4712981ca737ae120ef8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/158cdeef01ca4712981ca737ae120ef8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 2, Iss 3, p 17 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2410-387X/2/3/17/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2030017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2030017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/3/17/pdf?version=1534150026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2880068693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2880068693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284784117","https://openalex.org/W1595368737","https://openalex.org/W1967726944","https://openalex.org/W1975359679","https://openalex.org/W1977403917","https://openalex.org/W1992413325","https://openalex.org/W1993023092","https://openalex.org/W2032763901","https://openalex.org/W2061695600","https://openalex.org/W2061739602","https://openalex.org/W2066698193","https://openalex.org/W2095823567","https://openalex.org/W2099101940","https://openalex.org/W2112414127","https://openalex.org/W2113342022","https://openalex.org/W2135653230","https://openalex.org/W2158902938","https://openalex.org/W2307493678","https://openalex.org/W2331993796","https://openalex.org/W2422685390","https://openalex.org/W2462096759","https://openalex.org/W2523751514","https://openalex.org/W2566688450","https://openalex.org/W2626897313","https://openalex.org/W2635694574","https://openalex.org/W2735736138","https://openalex.org/W2743209683","https://openalex.org/W2753654597","https://openalex.org/W2775903597","https://openalex.org/W2790196731","https://openalex.org/W2808442774","https://openalex.org/W2808665413","https://openalex.org/W3148596285","https://openalex.org/W4243195860","https://openalex.org/W6610331208","https://openalex.org/W6674847105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606330551","https://openalex.org/W2101851311","https://openalex.org/W164278522","https://openalex.org/W1994190181","https://openalex.org/W2378293894","https://openalex.org/W4312127475","https://openalex.org/W2140858703","https://openalex.org/W4253688525","https://openalex.org/W2382502424","https://openalex.org/W2128607743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Counterfeiting":[0],"electronic":[1,14],"components":[2,21],"is":[3,51,79],"a":[4,85,90,121],"serious":[5],"problem":[6],"for":[7,43,93,120],"the":[8,17,26,80,94,127,164,168],"security":[9],"and":[10,38,108,138,144],"reliability":[11],"of":[12,19,28,55,124,158,167],"any":[13],"systems.":[15],"Unfortunately,":[16],"number":[18],"counterfeit":[20],"has":[22],"increased":[23],"considerably":[24],"after":[25],"introduction":[27],"horizontal":[29],"semiconductor":[30],"supply":[31],"chain.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36],"propose":[37],"experimentally":[39],"demonstrate":[40],"an":[41],"approach":[42],"detecting":[44],"recycled":[45],"Flash":[46,58,87,129],"memory.":[47],"The":[48,148],"proposed":[49],"method":[50,119],"based":[52],"on":[53,163],"measurement":[54],"change":[56],"in":[57],"array":[59],"characteristics":[60],"(such":[61],"as":[62],"erase":[63,77,98,110],"time,":[64,66],"program":[65],"fail":[67],"bit":[68],"count,":[69],"etc.)":[70],"with":[71,114],"its":[72,159],"usage.":[73,115],"We":[74,116],"find":[75],"that":[76],"time":[78,99,111],"best":[81],"metric":[82],"to":[83,156],"distinguish":[84],"used":[86],"chip":[88,151],"from":[89,131,154],"fresh":[91,105],"one":[92],"following":[95],"reasons:":[96],"(1)":[97],"shows":[100],"minimal":[101],"variation":[102],"among":[103],"different":[104],"memory":[106],"blocks/chip":[107],"(2)":[109],"increases":[112],"significantly":[113],"verify":[117],"our":[118],"wide":[122],"range":[123],"commercial":[125],"off":[126],"shelf":[128],"chips":[130],"several":[132],"vendors,":[133],"technology":[134],"nodes,":[135],"storage":[136,139],"density":[137],"type":[140],"(single-bit":[141],"per":[142,146],"cell":[143],"multi-bit":[145],"cell).":[147],"minimum":[149],"detectable":[150],"usage":[152],"varies":[153],"0.05%":[155],"3.0%":[157],"total":[160],"lifetime":[161],"depending":[162],"exact":[165],"details":[166],"chip.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}