{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794455201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2020007","title":"An Overview of DRAM-Based Security Primitives","display_name":"An Overview of DRAM-Based Security Primitives","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794455201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2020007","mag":"2794455201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2020007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2020007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/2/7/pdf?version=1525345605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/2/7/pdf?version=1525345605","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026250758","display_name":"Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0243-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Mornewegstra\u00dfe 32, S4|14, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0243-8594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Mornewegstra\u00dfe 32, S4|14, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036400192","display_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3608-874X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Mornewegstra\u00dfe 32, S4|14, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Mornewegstra\u00dfe 32, S4|14, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082629462","display_name":"J. Chandy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3449-3205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Chandy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, U-4157, Storrs, CT 06269-4157, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3449-3205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, U-4157, Storrs, CT 06269-4157, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090068474","display_name":"Fatemeh Tehranipoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Tehranipoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-4306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090068474"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.7801,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96665128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"7","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.9197922945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8199902176856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-random-access-memory","display_name":"Dynamic random-access memory","score":0.5845293998718262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.47678425908088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.46095067262649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3501865565776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3421579897403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3170883357524872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3137706220149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.1073322594165802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.9197922945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8199902176856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118702147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396","display_name":"Dynamic random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.5845293998718262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.47678425908088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.46095067262649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3501865565776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3421579897403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3170883357524872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3137706220149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.1073322594165802}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2020007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2020007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/2/7/pdf?version=1525345605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:500316c5ac0c49c0b57c33b3233ad4ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/500316c5ac0c49c0b57c33b3233ad4ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 2, Iss 2, p 7 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:106149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/106149/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:141365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/17098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:17098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/17098/1/cryptography-02-00007-v3.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401590","display_name":"Technischen Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.26083/tuprints-00017098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26083/tuprints-00017098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051655","display_name":"TUprints","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography2020007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2020007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/2/2/7/pdf?version=1525345605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316830","display_name":"Comcast","ror":"https://ror.org/00sgxyw28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2794455201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2794455201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124944822","https://openalex.org/W207193350","https://openalex.org/W609951012","https://openalex.org/W1012456549","https://openalex.org/W1504033997","https://openalex.org/W1538458301","https://openalex.org/W1607844737","https://openalex.org/W1963105592","https://openalex.org/W1966134634","https://openalex.org/W1967388580","https://openalex.org/W1970644349","https://openalex.org/W1975166224","https://openalex.org/W1983115302","https://openalex.org/W1995871244","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2001041320","https://openalex.org/W2002293402","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2015619456","https://openalex.org/W2022461859","https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2044389004","https://openalex.org/W2051451212","https://openalex.org/W2057279554","https://openalex.org/W2063443456","https://openalex.org/W2068849277","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2096593673","https://openalex.org/W2099889158","https://openalex.org/W2101609731","https://openalex.org/W2102576814","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2106839704","https://openalex.org/W2118768326","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2135348984","https://openalex.org/W2137153141","https://openalex.org/W2144418895","https://openalex.org/W2151759197","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2162798455","https://openalex.org/W2166261478","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2174648984","https://openalex.org/W2394928647","https://openalex.org/W2429633288","https://openalex.org/W2483049553","https://openalex.org/W2500740922","https://openalex.org/W2525711947","https://openalex.org/W2530364902","https://openalex.org/W2531732873","https://openalex.org/W2533078038","https://openalex.org/W2562000701","https://openalex.org/W2565435739","https://openalex.org/W2599001773","https://openalex.org/W2628319348","https://openalex.org/W2712867084","https://openalex.org/W2739747457","https://openalex.org/W2744582588","https://openalex.org/W2749093550","https://openalex.org/W2757228622","https://openalex.org/W2760778891","https://openalex.org/W2761810963","https://openalex.org/W2775542369","https://openalex.org/W2793181371","https://openalex.org/W2794842046","https://openalex.org/W2963416650","https://openalex.org/W2995938545","https://openalex.org/W3004383742","https://openalex.org/W3147945423","https://openalex.org/W3151293064","https://openalex.org/W4206782120","https://openalex.org/W4235249758","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4243925231","https://openalex.org/W4245272718","https://openalex.org/W4245281178","https://openalex.org/W4248299552","https://openalex.org/W4249060904","https://openalex.org/W4250789963","https://openalex.org/W4252874685","https://openalex.org/W6632931186","https://openalex.org/W6684566051","https://openalex.org/W6689343174","https://openalex.org/W6733856588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127001124","https://openalex.org/W2518930778","https://openalex.org/W2979599569","https://openalex.org/W3007039213","https://openalex.org/W3094611732","https://openalex.org/W2944414554","https://openalex.org/W2559795407","https://openalex.org/W2000563648","https://openalex.org/W3009022466","https://openalex.org/W2533585248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"developments":[1],"have":[2],"increased":[3],"the":[4,49,74,98,106,111,119,140,145,157,172,209],"demand":[5],"for":[6,41,110,198],"adequate":[7],"security":[8,38,78,114,150,158,174,185],"solutions,":[9,39],"based":[10,26,86],"on":[11,27,87],"primitives":[12,25,79,120,160,181],"that":[13,121],"cannot":[14],"be":[15,123],"easily":[16],"manipulated":[17],"or":[18],"altered,":[19],"such":[20,44,159],"as":[21,45,54,169,171],"hardware-based":[22,184],"primitives.":[23,115,151],"Security":[24],"Dynamic":[28],"Random":[29,134],"Access":[30],"Memory":[31],"(DRAM)":[32],"can":[33,122,161],"provide":[34],"cost-efficient":[35],"and":[36,80,104,132,138,167,190,192,215],"practical":[37],"especially":[40],"resource-constrained":[42],"devices,":[43],"hardware":[46],"used":[47],"in":[48,100,212],"Internet":[50],"of":[51,60,73,84,90,113,142,144,148],"Things":[52],"(IoT),":[53],"DRAMs":[55,102],"are":[56],"an":[57,81],"intrinsic":[58],"part":[59],"most":[61],"contemporary":[62],"computer":[63],"systems.":[64],"In":[65,93],"this":[66],"work,":[67],"we":[68,96,117,177,202],"present":[69,105,139],"a":[70,88],"comprehensive":[71],"overview":[72],"literature":[75],"regarding":[76],"DRAM-based":[77,149],"extended":[82],"classification":[83,205,214],"it,":[85],"number":[89],"different":[91],"criteria.":[92],"particular,":[94],"first,":[95],"demonstrate":[97,195],"way":[99],"which":[101],"work":[103],"characteristics":[107],"being":[108],"exploited":[109],"implementation":[112],"Then,":[116],"introduce":[118],"implemented":[124],"using":[125],"DRAM,":[126],"namely":[127],"Physical":[128],"Unclonable":[129],"Functions":[130],"(PUFs)":[131],"True":[133],"Number":[135],"Generators":[136],"(TRNGs),":[137],"applications":[141],"each":[143],"two":[146],"types":[147],"We":[152],"additionally":[153],"proceed":[154,193],"to":[155,182,194],"assess":[156],"provide,":[162],"by":[163,207],"discussing":[164],"potential":[165,197],"attacks":[166],"defences,":[168],"well":[170],"proposed":[173],"metrics.":[175],"Subsequently,":[176],"also":[178],"compare":[179],"these":[180],"other":[183],"primitives,":[186],"noting":[187],"their":[188,196,217],"advantages":[189],"shortcomings,":[191],"commercial":[199],"adoption.":[200],"Finally,":[201],"analyse":[203],"our":[204,213],"methodology,":[206],"reviewing":[208],"criteria":[210],"employed":[211],"examining":[216],"significance.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2018-04-06T00:00:00"}