{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165665178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10030042","title":"ParaSM2: Enhancing SM2 Cryptographic Performance via Parallel Restructuring of KDF and HASH","display_name":"ParaSM2: Enhancing SM2 Cryptographic Performance via Parallel Restructuring of KDF and HASH","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165665178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10030042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/10/3/42/pdf?version=1782112875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/10/3/42/pdf?version=1782112875","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051748213","display_name":"Hongjuan Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155932","display_name":"Changhong (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tttpd30","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155932"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongjuan Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","Sichuan Changhong Electronic Holdings Limited, Changhong (China), Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8412-9305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Changhong Electronic Holdings Limited, Changhong (China), Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139128513","display_name":"Bing Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100304840","display_name":"Yufang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3915-280X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3915-280X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101414988","display_name":"Mingjie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-7990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139136910","display_name":"Xin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106462256","display_name":"Kui Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5872-8729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051748213","https://openalex.org/A5139128513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210155932"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7483081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"42","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.7516999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.7516999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.17550000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.3562000095844269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4972106","display_name":"Broadcast encryption","level":4,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170723468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933","display_name":"x86","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177225278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192674","display_name":"Factoring","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135783594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5678864","display_name":"Hash chain","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/10/3/42/pdf?version=1782112875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b699d511b9d4b659c0a581f5ef0d9bc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b699d511b9d4b659c0a581f5ef0d9bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography, Vol 10, Iss 3, p 42 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10030042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10030042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-387X/10/3/42/pdf?version=1782112875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1746474507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2054770134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-YFG0152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3639919434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3723181334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024ZDZX0012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3814618604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023ZHCG0011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4002013813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3308300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4628397426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-YFG0152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5030882998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7197578726","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024ZDZX0012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8419899601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3308300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8484622302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165665178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7165665178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2971644775","https://openalex.org/W3029108158","https://openalex.org/W4296986457","https://openalex.org/W4321204539","https://openalex.org/W4367183306","https://openalex.org/W4386331595","https://openalex.org/W4392458867","https://openalex.org/W4392754361","https://openalex.org/W4394685195","https://openalex.org/W4400121700","https://openalex.org/W4404715015","https://openalex.org/W4408897964","https://openalex.org/W4409815391","https://openalex.org/W4409854791","https://openalex.org/W4410032123"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,4,23,28,51,86],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"high":[5],"computational":[6],"overhead":[7],"of":[8,77,85],"asymmetric":[9],"cryptography":[10,143],"has":[11],"remained":[12],"a":[13,39,82,120,136],"central":[14],"challenge":[15],"in":[16,27,142],"end-to-end":[17,132],"secure":[18],"communication":[19],"systems.":[20],"To":[21],"mitigate":[22],"performance":[24,122],"bottlenecks":[25],"inherent":[26],"full":[29],"SM2":[30],"encryption":[31],"and":[32,58,65,105,127,134],"decryption":[33],"workflow,":[34],"this":[35],"paper":[36],"introduces":[37],"ParaSM2,":[38],"parallel":[40,63,95],"restructuring":[41,64],"optimization":[42,141],"framework":[43],"tailored":[44],"for":[45,139],"SM2-based":[46],"cryptographic":[47],"operations.":[48],"ParaSM2":[49,116],"exploits":[50],"observed":[52],"2:1":[53],"processing":[54],"ratio":[55],"between":[56],"KDF":[57,79],"HASH":[59,87],"to":[60,74,92,119],"perform":[61],"cross-component":[62],"applies":[66],"fixed-prefix":[67],"reuse":[68],"together":[69],"with":[70],"dynamic":[71],"task":[72],"parallelism":[73],"eliminate":[75],"39.7%":[76],"redundant":[78],"computations.":[80],"Furthermore,":[81],"vectorized":[83],"reconstruction":[84],"message":[88],"extension":[89],"is":[90],"incorporated":[91],"leverage":[93],"SIMD":[94],"acceleration,":[96],"thereby":[97],"substantially":[98],"enhancing":[99],"throughput.":[100],"Experimental":[101],"evaluations":[102],"against":[103],"SM4-GCM":[104],"SM4-CBC":[106],"on":[107,124],"data":[108],"blocks":[109],"larger":[110],"than":[111],"64":[112],"KB":[113],"demonstrate":[114],"that":[115],"achieves":[117],"up":[118],"5.1\u00d7":[121],"improvement":[123],"both":[125],"x86":[126],"ARM":[128],"architectures,":[129],"effectively":[130],"reducing":[131],"latency":[133],"providing":[135],"scalable":[137],"pathway":[138],"algorithmic":[140],"across":[144],"heterogeneous":[145],"platforms.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-06-24T00:00:00"}
