{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2919829652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","title":"Natural Language Processing in OTF Computing: Challenges and the Need for Interactive Approaches","display_name":"Natural Language Processing in OTF Computing: Challenges and the Need for Interactive Approaches","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2919829652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","mag":"2919829652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers8010022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/8/1/22/pdf?version=1552312774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/8/1/22/pdf?version=1552312774","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069784506","display_name":"Frederik Simon B\u00e4umer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederik S. B\u00e4umer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-0144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021755549","display_name":"Joschka Kersting","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joschka Kersting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011713768","display_name":"Michaela Geierhos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michaela Geierhos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-5606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantic Information Processing Group, Paderborn University, 33100 Paderborn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069784506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.4353,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70558648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8251879215240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.6881289482116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6107792854309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5511769652366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5402249097824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.5345344543457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5245994329452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5161013007164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5093258619308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48202836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-user-interface","display_name":"Natural language user interface","score":0.4580309987068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-programming","display_name":"Natural language programming","score":0.45222926139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4270002245903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39930737018585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36312973499298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3248075842857361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.2703387439250946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24740687012672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension-approach","display_name":"Comprehension approach","score":0.08521884679794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08458232879638672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8251879215240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.6881289482116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6107792854309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5511769652366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5402249097824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5345344543457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5245994329452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5161013007164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5093258619308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48202836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174252522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816772","display_name":"Natural language user interface","level":3,"score":0.4580309987068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.45222926139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4270002245903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39930737018585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36312973499298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3248075842857361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.2703387439250946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24740687012672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.08521884679794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08458232879638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers8010022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/8/1/22/pdf?version=1552312774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b1dec4c371c484eb3ca40e9eed1bc2a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b1dec4c371c484eb3ca40e9eed1bc2a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 8, Iss 1, p 22 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-431X/8/1/22/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers8010022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8010022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/8/1/22/pdf?version=1552312774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4748229160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"160364472","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8026673714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8278070824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"160364472-SFB901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8610971552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919829652.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919829652.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22513585","https://openalex.org/W23650822","https://openalex.org/W33595978","https://openalex.org/W81445247","https://openalex.org/W98255950","https://openalex.org/W204211791","https://openalex.org/W581256187","https://openalex.org/W1558803136","https://openalex.org/W1605228128","https://openalex.org/W1738526829","https://openalex.org/W1964378848","https://openalex.org/W1993977866","https://openalex.org/W2005732451","https://openalex.org/W2025109494","https://openalex.org/W2052515375","https://openalex.org/W2070411409","https://openalex.org/W2072165738","https://openalex.org/W2106725280","https://openalex.org/W2120699290","https://openalex.org/W2137831149","https://openalex.org/W2145243812","https://openalex.org/W2147148482","https://openalex.org/W2158076786","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2162555922","https://openalex.org/W2279994572","https://openalex.org/W2529928139","https://openalex.org/W2559052207","https://openalex.org/W2566040466","https://openalex.org/W2576685144","https://openalex.org/W2740891592","https://openalex.org/W2780916562","https://openalex.org/W2795330921","https://openalex.org/W2803018432","https://openalex.org/W2889368067","https://openalex.org/W2941212417","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W4300012252","https://openalex.org/W6604323680","https://openalex.org/W6683738474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036268427","https://openalex.org/W1968262010","https://openalex.org/W3158218201","https://openalex.org/W2112751186","https://openalex.org/W2401646948","https://openalex.org/W4205747661","https://openalex.org/W160255422","https://openalex.org/W120710326","https://openalex.org/W52423187","https://openalex.org/W2523115131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"vision":[1],"of":[2,96,110,126],"On-the-Fly":[3],"(OTF)":[4],"Computing":[5,60],"is":[6,64,117],"to":[7,54],"compose":[8],"and":[9,30,40,78,85,99,107],"provide":[10],"software":[11,27],"services":[12],"ad":[13],"hoc,":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,138],"requirement":[17,83],"descriptions":[18,84],"in":[19,31,58,80],"natural":[20,33,48,81],"language.":[21],"Since":[22],"non-technical":[23],"users":[24,112,132],"write":[25],"their":[26],"requirements":[28],"themselves":[29],"unrestricted":[32],"language,":[34],"deficits":[35,43],"occur":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38],"inaccuracy":[39],"incompleteness.":[41],"These":[42],"are":[44],"usually":[45],"met":[46],"by":[47],"language":[49,82],"processing":[50],"methods,":[51],"which":[52],"have":[53],"face":[55],"special":[56],"challenges":[57],"OTF":[59],"because":[61],"maximum":[62],"automation":[63],"the":[65,94,114,134,139],"goal.":[66],"In":[67,89,119],"this":[68,120],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,91,122],"present":[71,123],"current":[72],"automatic":[73],"approaches":[74],"for":[75],"solving":[76],"inaccuracies":[77],"incompletenesses":[79],"elaborate":[86],"open":[87],"challenges.":[88],"particular,":[90],"will":[92],"discuss":[93],"necessity":[95],"domain-specific":[97],"resources":[98],"show":[100],"why,":[101],"despite":[102],"far-reaching":[103],"automation,":[104],"an":[105],"intelligent":[106],"guided":[108],"integration":[109],"end":[111],"into":[113,133],"compensation":[115,135],"process":[116,136],"required.":[118],"context,":[121],"our":[124],"idea":[125],"a":[127],"chat":[128],"bot":[129],"that":[130],"integrates":[131],"depending":[137],"given":[140],"circumstances.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}