{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896791469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","title":"Norm-Based Binary Search Trees for Speeding Up KNN Big Data Classification","display_name":"Norm-Based Binary Search Trees for Speeding Up KNN Big Data Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896791469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","mag":"2896791469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers7040054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/7/4/54/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/7/4/54/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032563975","display_name":"Ahmad B. Hassanat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-304X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21173400","display_name":"Mutah University","ror":"https://ror.org/008g9ns82","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21173400"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad B. A. Hassanat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology College, Mutah University; Karak 61710, Jordan","Karak 61710, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-304X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology College, Mutah University; Karak 61710, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21173400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karak 61710, Jordan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032563975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21173400"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.7845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9259714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"54","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6981325149536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6542001366615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.5523937344551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5448919534683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.544546902179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5002491474151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.459024041891098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.45781034231185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.44314783811569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40746304392814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35199859738349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2698102593421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.10326945781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.08700349926948547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6981325149536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6542001366615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.5523937344551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5448919534683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.544546902179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5002491474151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.459024041891098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.45781034231185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.44314783811569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40746304392814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35199859738349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2698102593421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.10326945781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.08700349926948547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers7040054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/7/4/54/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:537aee4b7fda464c89bcb55dc4132276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/537aee4b7fda464c89bcb55dc4132276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 7, Iss 4, p 54 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-431X/7/4/54/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers7040054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers7040054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/7/4/54/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896791469.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556653975","https://openalex.org/W2049644877","https://openalex.org/W2076342135","https://openalex.org/W2133296809","https://openalex.org/W2165558283","https://openalex.org/W2288452560","https://openalex.org/W2290145898","https://openalex.org/W2432436793","https://openalex.org/W2606436201","https://openalex.org/W2759144750","https://openalex.org/W2789468576","https://openalex.org/W2890011953","https://openalex.org/W2902599149","https://openalex.org/W2903983767","https://openalex.org/W4242320705","https://openalex.org/W4294560305","https://openalex.org/W6603413705","https://openalex.org/W6696417794","https://openalex.org/W6757406601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W2007713238","https://openalex.org/W4382934300","https://openalex.org/W2121061354","https://openalex.org/W4285388059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,52,73,93,108,179,232],"their":[2],"large":[3],"sizes":[4],"and/or":[5],"dimensions,":[6],"the":[7,27,57,65,80,95,101,121,133,137,156,171,180,183,209,219],"classification":[8,55],"of":[9,123,136,153,182,192,208,229],"Big":[10,53],"Data":[11,54],"is":[12,23,35,61],"a":[13,36,49,69,124,150,160],"challenging":[14],"task":[15],"using":[16,26,56],"traditional":[17],"machine":[18,195],"learning,":[19],"particularly":[20],"if":[21],"it":[22,107],"carried":[24],"out":[25],"well-known":[28],"K-nearest":[29],"neighbors":[30],"classifier":[31,40],"(KNN)":[32],"classifier,":[33,59],"which":[34,60,222],"slow":[37],"and":[38,105,126,185],"lazy":[39],"by":[41,218],"its":[42,177],"nature.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45,87,140],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,89,145],"propose":[48],"new":[50],"approach":[51],"KNN":[58],"based":[62,175],"on":[63,176],"inserting":[64],"training":[66,96],"examples":[67,154,181],"into":[68,170],"binary":[70,172],"search":[71,173],"tree":[72,174],"be":[74,233],"used":[75,90,234],"later":[76],"for":[77,83,112,226],"speeding":[78],"up":[79],"searching":[81],"process":[82,141],"test":[84],"examples.":[85,97],"For":[86],"purpose,":[88],"two":[91],"methods":[92,202,211,231],"sort":[94],"The":[98,163,189],"first":[99],"calculates":[100],"minimum/maximum":[102],"scaled":[103],"norm":[104,158],"rounds":[106],"0":[109],"or":[110,149],"1":[111],"each":[113,168],"example.":[114],"Examples":[115],"with":[116,128,155,213],"0-norms":[117],"are":[118,130,203],"sorted":[119,131],"in":[120,132,159,235],"left-child":[122],"node,":[125],"those":[127],"1-norms":[129],"right":[134],"child":[135],"same":[138,157],"node;":[139],"continues":[142],"recursively":[143],"until":[144],"obtain":[146],"one":[147],"example":[148,169],"small":[151],"number":[152],"leaf":[161],"node.":[162],"second":[164,220],"proposed":[165],"method":[166],"inserts":[167],"similarity":[178],"minimum":[184],"maximum":[186],"Euclidean":[187],"norms.":[188],"experimental":[190],"results":[191],"classifying":[193],"several":[194],"learning":[196],"big":[197],"datasets":[198],"show":[199],"that":[200],"both":[201,230],"much":[204],"faster":[205],"than":[206],"most":[207],"state-of-the-art":[210],"compared,":[212],"competing":[214],"accuracy":[215],"rates":[216],"obtained":[217],"method,":[221],"shows":[223],"great":[224],"potential":[225],"further":[227],"enhancements":[228],"practice.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}