{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165623059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402","title":"A Hybrid Multi-Level Computational Framework for Latent Risk Modeling from Tabular Data","display_name":"A Hybrid Multi-Level Computational Framework for Latent Risk Modeling from Tabular Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165623059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15070402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139191870","display_name":"Bigul Mukhametzhanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bigul Mukhametzhanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037797215","display_name":"A A Naizagarayeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akgul Naizagarayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Business and Digital Technologies, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Business and Digital Technologies, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090129280","display_name":"\u0413\u04af\u043b\u0431\u0430\u049b\u044b\u0442 \u0410\u04a3\u0441\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulbakyt Ansabekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Educational Programs Electric Power Supply, Institute of Power Engineering, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Educational Programs Electric Power Supply, Institute of Power Engineering, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092599003","display_name":"Shynar Turmaganbetova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shynar Turmaganbetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Business and Digital Technologies, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Business and Digital Technologies, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139184916","display_name":"Yermek Sarsikeyev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yermek Sarsikeyev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Automation Department, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Automation Department, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066358401","display_name":"\u0410kmaral Kassymova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-4021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akmaral Kassymova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Economics, Information Technologies and Professional Education, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-4021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics, Information Technologies and Professional Education, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015411985","display_name":"A. A. Dnekeshev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-7898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135055","display_name":"Institute of Information and Computational Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6e0k54","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azamat Dnekeshev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Economics, Information Technologies and Professional Education, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-7898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics, Information Technologies and Professional Education, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084153069","display_name":"Pavel Dunayev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Dunayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Educational Programs Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Educational Programs Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139199980","display_name":"Zhanat Manbetova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124329","display_name":"S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/024etxn40","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanat Manbetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Educational Programs Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Institute of Power Engineering, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Educational Programs Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Institute of Power Engineering, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124329"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75046015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"402","last_page":"402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.2651999890804291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.2651999890804291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.09279999881982803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.6826000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-class-model","display_name":"Latent class model","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-interval","display_name":"Confidence interval","score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-model","display_name":"Latent variable model","score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.3702000081539154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.6826000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70727504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806878","display_name":"Latent class model","level":2,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65965080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806885","display_name":"Latent variable model","level":3,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73722673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082833","display_name":"Probabilistic risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112933361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845258","display_name":"Probabilistic latent semantic analysis","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15070402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f961dc8954cb455ea2bc7565314762f7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f961dc8954cb455ea2bc7565314762f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 402 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15070402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15070402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7607445120811462,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319344964","https://openalex.org/W4390474616","https://openalex.org/W4391821278","https://openalex.org/W4399047878","https://openalex.org/W4399835415","https://openalex.org/W4406893837","https://openalex.org/W4408185936","https://openalex.org/W4412479499","https://openalex.org/W4414930695","https://openalex.org/W4415306100","https://openalex.org/W7128596128","https://openalex.org/W7130819309","https://openalex.org/W7154692452"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,56,102,116,133,138,158,164],"hybrid":[4],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"system":[7,23,51],"for":[8,188],"latent":[9,30,60,149,189],"cardiovascular":[10],"risk":[11,40,61,178,191],"stratification":[12,192],"based":[13],"on":[14,77,144],"publicly":[15],"available":[16],"clinical":[17],"and":[18,34,42,69,89,98,137,163,180,185,193],"laboratory":[19],"data.":[20],"The":[21,46,81,106,148,168],"proposed":[22,107,173],"integrates":[24],"data":[25],"preprocessing,":[26],"auxiliary":[27],"target":[28,58],"modeling,":[29],"phenotyping":[31,150],"using":[32,101],"UMAP":[33],"Gaussian":[35],"mixture":[36],"models,":[37],"fuzzy":[38],"logic-based":[39],"integration,":[41],"multilevel":[43],"predictive":[44],"modeling.":[45],"key":[47],"contribution":[48],"of":[49,55,114,119,123,127,131,135,142,161,166],"the":[50,53,78,90,145,172],"is":[52],"construction":[54],"proxy":[57],"reflecting":[59],"progression":[62],"by":[63],"combining":[64],"phenotypic":[65],"structure,":[66],"probabilistic":[67],"indicators,":[68],"mortality-related":[70],"anchor":[71],"points.":[72],"Experimental":[73],"evaluation":[74],"was":[75,93],"conducted":[76],"NHANES":[79],"dataset.":[80],"final":[82],"analytical":[83],"cohort":[84],"included":[85],"78,822":[86],"adult":[87],"participants,":[88],"modeling":[91],"set":[92],"divided":[94],"into":[95],"training,":[96],"validation,":[97],"test":[99,146],"subgroups":[100],"stratified":[103],"70/15/15":[104],"design.":[105],"PhaseFuzzy":[108],"Hybrid":[109],"model":[110],"achieved":[111],"an":[112,121,125,129,182],"accuracy":[113,118],"0.8390,":[115],"balanced":[117],"0.7302,":[120],"F1-score":[122],"0.5225,":[124],"MCC":[126],"0.4203,":[128],"ROC-AUC":[130],"0.8489,":[132],"PR-AUC":[134],"0.5014,":[136],"best":[139],"LogLoss":[140],"value":[141],"0.4290":[143],"set.":[147],"step":[151],"also":[152],"demonstrated":[153],"acceptable":[154],"internal":[155],"validity":[156],"with":[157],"silhouette":[159],"coefficient":[160],"0.4138":[162],"confidence":[165],"0.8800.":[167],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"that":[171],"framework":[174,187],"identifies":[175],"hidden":[176],"cardiometabolic":[177,190],"factors":[179],"provides":[181],"interpretable,":[183],"scalable,":[184],"calibration-aware":[186],"population-level":[194],"screening.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2026-06-24T00:00:00"}
