{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162258984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333","title":"A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer for EEG-Based ADHD Detection via Network Index Modeling","display_name":"A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer for EEG-Based ADHD Detection via Network Index Modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162258984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15060333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061583495","display_name":"Makbal Baibulova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-1261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makbal Baibulova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-1261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136874875","display_name":"Ayagoz Mukhanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayagoz Mukhanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120471961","display_name":"Aliya Abdukarimova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162802","display_name":"Kazakh Technology and Business University named after K.Kulazhanov","ror":"https://ror.org/054r9x893","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162802"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aliya Abdukarimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093687196","display_name":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0437\u0430\u0442 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u044b\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2536-0358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101819","display_name":"M. Kh Dulati Taraz State University","ror":"https://ror.org/014kyp779","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazzat Abdykerimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121622112","display_name":"Bulat Serimbetov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162802","display_name":"Kazakh Technology and Business University named after K.Kulazhanov","ror":"https://ror.org/054r9x893","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162802"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bulat Serimbetov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-4388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117546722","display_name":"Madi Akhmetzhanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-4328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101819","display_name":"M. Kh Dulati Taraz State University","ror":"https://ror.org/014kyp779","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madi Akhmetzhanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics and Programming, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics and Programming, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097983841","display_name":"Zhanat Seitakhmetova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096915","display_name":"Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vj0q898","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096915"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanat Seitakhmetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Modeling and Information Technology, East Kazakhstan University Named After S.Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Modeling and Information Technology, East Kazakhstan University Named After S.Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136859415","display_name":"Elmira Yeshtayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7995-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmira Yeshtayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7995-7021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120314698","display_name":"Moussa Kassim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8494-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murizah Kassim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106382930","display_name":"Aizat Amirbay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0115-0166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10232997","display_name":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0242cby63","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aizat Amirbay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0115-0166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10232997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56959197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"333","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.6535999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.6535999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.2069000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.10000000149011612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43130001425743103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106937863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236518","display_name":"Power graph analysis","level":3,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104122410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416406","display_name":"Network model","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15060333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23ae92991946498084bd3124d8154105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23ae92991946498084bd3124d8154105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 333 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15060333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15060333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067219344","https://openalex.org/W2085990068","https://openalex.org/W2110204271","https://openalex.org/W2127110128","https://openalex.org/W2563279629","https://openalex.org/W2739984726","https://openalex.org/W2886298463","https://openalex.org/W2944352397","https://openalex.org/W3010825244","https://openalex.org/W4224247910","https://openalex.org/W4226269430","https://openalex.org/W4296887772","https://openalex.org/W4319334186","https://openalex.org/W4321495873","https://openalex.org/W4361247849","https://openalex.org/W4379093634","https://openalex.org/W4386529840","https://openalex.org/W4390969131","https://openalex.org/W4392057793","https://openalex.org/W4392930140","https://openalex.org/W4400201673","https://openalex.org/W4401378568","https://openalex.org/W4403530032","https://openalex.org/W4404692830","https://openalex.org/W4412008823","https://openalex.org/W4414984970","https://openalex.org/W7118189038"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective":[0],"and":[1,20,41,69,115,146,176],"reproducible":[2],"diagnosis":[3],"of":[4,11,15,24,56,96,101,105,109,113,118,122,136],"attention-deficit/hyperactivity":[5],"disorder":[6],"(ADHD)":[7],"remains":[8],"challenging":[9],"because":[10],"the":[12,21,87,91,123,155,168],"limited":[13],"availability":[14],"reliable":[16],"electroencephalography":[17],"(EEG)":[18],"biomarkers":[19],"high":[22],"variability":[23],"neural":[25],"signals.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"proposes":[29],"a":[30,98,103,107,132],"computational":[31],"framework":[32,157],"for":[33],"ADHD":[34],"detection":[35],"based":[36],"on":[37],"dynamic":[38],"functional":[39],"connectivity":[40,51,162],"network-index":[42,61],"modeling.":[43],"Multichannel":[44],"EEG":[45,161],"recordings":[46],"were":[47,63],"transformed":[48],"into":[49],"temporal":[50],"graphs":[52],"using":[53],"sliding-window":[54],"correlations":[55],"band-limited":[57],"amplitude":[58],"envelopes.":[59],"Several":[60],"models":[62],"evaluated,":[64],"including":[65],"linear,":[66],"graph-based,":[67],"recurrent,":[68],"hybrid":[70],"spatio-temporal":[71,160],"approaches.":[72],"The":[73],"proposed":[74,156],"Hybrid":[75],"Spatio-Temporal":[76],"Graph":[77],"Transformer":[78],"demonstrated":[79,127],"moderate,":[80],"yet":[81],"reproducible,":[82],"subject-level":[83],"classification":[84],"performance.":[85],"On":[86],"independent":[88,181],"test":[89],"set,":[90],"model":[92],"achieved":[93],"an":[94,111,116],"accuracy":[95,100],"63.16%,":[97],"balanced":[99],"62.22%,":[102],"sensitivity":[104],"80.00%,":[106],"specificity":[108],"44.44%,":[110],"F1-score":[112],"69.57%,":[114],"AUC-ROC":[117],"0.7444.":[119],"Additional":[120],"analysis":[121],"derived":[124],"network":[125],"index":[126,134],"moderate":[128],"intergroup":[129],"separability,":[130],"with":[131,165],"mean":[133],"shift":[135],"1.16,":[137],"Cohen\u2019s":[138],"d":[139],"=":[140,144,149],"0.73,":[141],"Pearson\u2019s":[142],"r":[143],"0.36,":[145],"distribution":[147],"overlap":[148],"0.72.":[150],"These":[151],"findings":[152],"suggest":[153],"that":[154],"captures":[158],"informative":[159],"patterns":[163],"associated":[164],"ADHD;":[166],"however,":[167],"model\u2019s":[169],"diagnostic":[170],"applicability":[171],"should":[172],"be":[173],"considered":[174],"preliminary":[175],"requires":[177],"validation":[178],"in":[179],"larger":[180],"cohorts.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2026-05-25T00:00:00"}