{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151983681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15040231","title":"Artificial Intelligence for High-Availability Systems: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence for High-Availability Systems: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151983681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15040231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15040231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15040231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/4/231/pdf?version=1775644466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/4/231/pdf?version=1775644466","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068879145","display_name":"Lidia Fotia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-0166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidia Fotia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092898754","display_name":"Rosario Gaeta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3683-5462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosario Gaeta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3683-5462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056776996","display_name":"Fabrizio Messina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-3879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Messina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Informatics (DMI), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-3879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Informatics (DMI), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035309719","display_name":"Domenico Rosaci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-9995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59725666","display_name":"University of Reggio Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/041sz8d87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59725666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Rosaci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59725666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014296059","display_name":"Giuseppe M. L. Sarn\u00e8","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3753-6020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe M. L. Sarn\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3753-6020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056776996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":19.2813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99072138,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"231","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.4268999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.4268999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.37790000438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6154999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5894958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297769","display_name":"Software agent","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15040231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15040231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/4/231/pdf?version=1775644466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/607402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/607402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:734df5a44d0e4e70893ca6058ddcb42b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/734df5a44d0e4e70893ca6058ddcb42b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 231 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15040231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15040231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/4/231/pdf?version=1775644466","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6511306762695312,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8743931066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024-26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322690","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Catania"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8776730935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PIACERI 24-26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322690","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Catania"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322690","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151983681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151983681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564666600","https://openalex.org/W1605479740","https://openalex.org/W1668777023","https://openalex.org/W2156424828","https://openalex.org/W2267557274","https://openalex.org/W2527799397","https://openalex.org/W2538255784","https://openalex.org/W2795237059","https://openalex.org/W2799669964","https://openalex.org/W2884697432","https://openalex.org/W2919913503","https://openalex.org/W2946444829","https://openalex.org/W3006864527","https://openalex.org/W3130636206","https://openalex.org/W3199014846","https://openalex.org/W4221019549","https://openalex.org/W4221057950","https://openalex.org/W4229012473","https://openalex.org/W4284970331","https://openalex.org/W4293473555","https://openalex.org/W4294811455","https://openalex.org/W4296349118","https://openalex.org/W4296367942","https://openalex.org/W4309738955","https://openalex.org/W4312156995","https://openalex.org/W4321490903","https://openalex.org/W4375928946","https://openalex.org/W4377292722","https://openalex.org/W4387108114","https://openalex.org/W4387268142","https://openalex.org/W4390204322","https://openalex.org/W4391744632","https://openalex.org/W4393007161","https://openalex.org/W4400034153","https://openalex.org/W4400234804","https://openalex.org/W4402923199","https://openalex.org/W4406421069","https://openalex.org/W4406728221","https://openalex.org/W4407716544","https://openalex.org/W4408147440","https://openalex.org/W4408597109","https://openalex.org/W4409076604","https://openalex.org/W4409473841","https://openalex.org/W4409895145","https://openalex.org/W4410022504","https://openalex.org/W4410049355","https://openalex.org/W4410196293","https://openalex.org/W4410726269","https://openalex.org/W4410887444","https://openalex.org/W4411921985","https://openalex.org/W4412633029","https://openalex.org/W4412939824","https://openalex.org/W4413181196","https://openalex.org/W4413953570","https://openalex.org/W4414372441","https://openalex.org/W4414573438","https://openalex.org/W4414586006","https://openalex.org/W4416354354","https://openalex.org/W4417435000","https://openalex.org/W7109968981"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-availability":[0],"(HA)":[1],"systems\u2014essential":[2],"in":[3,42,75,155],"many":[4,62],"contemporary":[5],"contexts\u2014are":[6],"designed":[7],"to":[8,44,71],"guarantee":[9,45],"the":[10,46,55,97,100,113,118],"availability":[11],"of":[12,20,49,58,99,102,115,122,138],"processes":[13],"and":[14,39,82,88,126,153],"data":[15],"for":[16,80,105,117,149],"more":[17,73],"than":[18],"99%":[19],"their":[21],"operational":[22,120],"time.":[23],"These":[24],"systems":[25],"are":[26,33,53,67],"typically":[27],"implemented":[28],"as":[29],"Cloud/Edge":[30],"infrastructures":[31],"that":[32],"properly":[34],"maintained":[35],"by":[36,131],"human":[37],"operators":[38],"intelligent":[40],"agents":[41,66],"order":[43],"required":[47],"level":[48],"availability.":[50],"Moreover,":[51],"we":[52,95,110,142],"witnessing":[54],"widespread":[56],"adoption":[57],"AI-based":[59,64,103,147],"automation":[60,74],"across":[61],"industries.":[63],"software":[65],"increasingly":[68],"being":[69],"adopted":[70],"introduce":[72],"highly":[76],"available":[77],"systems,":[78],"particularly":[79],"monitoring":[81],"fault":[83,85,151],"detection,":[84,125],"prediction,":[86],"recovery,":[87],"optimization":[89],"processes.":[90],"In":[91,108],"this":[92],"review":[93,143],"paper,":[94],"discuss":[96],"state":[98],"art":[101],"solutions":[104,148],"HA":[106,139,156],"systems.":[107,157],"particular,":[109],"focus":[111],"on":[112,146],"use":[114],"AI":[116],"core":[119],"mechanisms":[121],"monitoring,":[123,150],"failure":[124],"recovery.":[127],"Our":[128],"discussion":[129],"begins":[130],"reviewing":[132],"a":[133],"few":[134],"key":[135],"background":[136],"concepts":[137],"architectures,":[140],"then":[141],"recent":[144],"work":[145],"detection":[152],"recovery":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00"}
