{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140125876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200","title":"Performance Comparison of Python-Based Complex Event Processing Engines for IoT Intrusion Detection: Faust Versus Streamz","display_name":"Performance Comparison of Python-Based Complex Event Processing Engines for IoT Intrusion Detection: Faust Versus Streamz","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140125876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064251517","display_name":"Maryam Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114793","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbx2g30","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114793"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067746692","display_name":"Filipe Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-5182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114793","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbx2g30","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114793"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filipe Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-5182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069470015","display_name":"Paulo V\u00e1z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1745-8937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo V\u00e1z","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1745-8937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122358754","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-8282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054134720","display_name":"Filipe S\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7846-8397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I293362453","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/01n8x4993","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filipe S\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7846-8397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEC\u2014Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I293362453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130334715","display_name":"Pedro Martins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56125125","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kxk33","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130334715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56125125"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58263435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"200","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.4083999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.4083999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.17919999361038208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.040800001472234726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-event-processing","display_name":"Complex event processing","score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faust","display_name":"FAUST","score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3255999982357025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123606473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907918","display_name":"Complex event processing","level":3,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776056051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1398550","display_name":"FAUST","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b04be4eaf884d099e4e06dc90964a22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b04be4eaf884d099e4e06dc90964a22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 200 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973026225","https://openalex.org/W1978947899","https://openalex.org/W2072592647","https://openalex.org/W2148222209","https://openalex.org/W2240630088","https://openalex.org/W2247317079","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2486439025","https://openalex.org/W2527672088","https://openalex.org/W2542459869","https://openalex.org/W2586025740","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2752238980","https://openalex.org/W2786499150","https://openalex.org/W2797742547","https://openalex.org/W2898352726","https://openalex.org/W2921019731","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2941288225","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2963895360","https://openalex.org/W2964273806","https://openalex.org/W2982426954","https://openalex.org/W3003804390","https://openalex.org/W3009076569","https://openalex.org/W3085955590","https://openalex.org/W3086419524","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3113156156","https://openalex.org/W3150719313","https://openalex.org/W3157871125","https://openalex.org/W4206141920","https://openalex.org/W4221041882"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,167,279],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,4,22,59,80,95,134,243,397,481],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"devices":[7],"has":[8],"intensified":[9],"the":[10,20,45,70,75,93,135,186,208,229,248,294,408,482],"need":[11],"for":[12,34,103,121,236,276,462],"efficient":[13],"real-time":[14],"anomaly":[15],"and":[16,51,82,113,224,304,339,360,376,454,477],"intrusion":[17,98,174,230,256,354],"detection,":[18],"making":[19,131],"selection":[21],"an":[23,171],"appropriate":[24],"Complex":[25],"Event":[26],"Processing":[27],"(CEP)":[28],"engine":[29,464],"a":[30,202,233,241,253,265,274],"critical":[31],"architectural":[32,90,302],"decision":[33],"security-aware":[35],"data":[36,49],"pipelines.":[37],"Python-based":[38,473],"CEP":[39,85,155,463,490],"frameworks":[40,61],"offer":[41],"compelling":[42],"advantages":[43],"through":[44],"seamless":[46],"integration":[47,112],"with":[48,109,319,336,357,387,457],"science":[50],"machine":[52],"learning":[53],"ecosystems;":[54],"however,":[55],"rigorous":[56],"comparative":[57,78],"evaluations":[58],"such":[60],"under":[62,153],"realistic":[63,154],"IoT":[64,96,172,313,451],"security":[65,452],"workloads":[66,156],"remain":[67],"absent":[68],"from":[69,179,228],"literature.":[71],"This":[72],"study":[73],"presents":[74],"first":[76],"systematic":[77],"evaluation":[79,169],"Faust":[81,100,351,382,441],"Streamz\u2014two":[83],"Python-native":[84],"engines":[86,145],"representing":[87],"fundamentally":[88],"different":[89,147,199],"philosophies\u2014specifically":[91],"in":[92,139,283,485],"context":[94],"network":[97,173],"detection.":[99],"was":[101,119],"selected":[102,120,216],"its":[104,122,218],"actor-based":[105],"stateful":[106,486],"processing":[107,475],"model":[108],"native":[110],"Kafka":[111,374,392],"distributed":[114],"table":[115],"support,":[116],"while":[117,350,406,440],"Streamz":[118,327,429],"reactive,":[123],"lightweight":[124],"pipeline":[125],"design":[126],"targeting":[127],"high-throughput":[128],"stateless":[129,488],"processing,":[130],"them":[132],"representative":[133],"two":[136],"dominant":[137],"paradigms":[138],"Python":[140,409,489],"stream":[141,474],"processing.":[142],"Although":[143],"both":[144],"target":[146],"application":[148],"niches,":[149],"their":[150],"performance":[151,188,416],"characteristics":[152,189],"have":[157],"never":[158],"been":[159],"rigorously":[160],"compared,":[161],"leaving":[162],"practitioners":[163],"without":[164],"empirical":[165],"guidance.":[166],"primary":[168],"employs":[170],"dataset":[175,195,212,257],"comprising":[176],"583,485":[177],"events":[178,289,333,437,445],"83":[180],"heterogeneous":[181],"devices.":[182],"To":[183],"assess":[184],"whether":[185],"observed":[187],"are":[190,427],"specific":[191],"to":[192,287,298,309,435,471],"this":[193,270],"single":[194],"or":[196,261,311],"generalize":[197],"across":[198,418],"workload":[200],"profiles,":[201],"secondary":[203],"IoT-adjacent":[204],"benchmark":[205],"is":[206,271],"included:":[207],"PaySim":[209],"financial":[210],"transaction":[211],"(6.4":[213],"million":[214],"records),":[215],"because":[217],"event":[219],"schema,":[220],"fraud-pattern":[221],"temporal":[222],"structure,":[223],"volume":[225],"differ":[226],"substantially":[227],"dataset,":[231],"providing":[232],"stress":[234],"test":[235],"cross-workload":[237],"robustness":[238],"rather":[239],"than":[240],"claim":[242],"domain":[244],"equivalence.":[245],"We":[246,315],"acknowledge":[247],"reviewer\u2019s":[249],"valid":[250],"point":[251],"that":[252,326,381],"second":[254,335],"IoT-specific":[255],"(such":[258],"as":[259,273],"TON_IoT":[260],"Bot-IoT)":[262],"would":[263],"constitute":[264],"more":[266],"directly":[267],"comparable":[268],"validation;":[269],"identified":[272],"priority":[275],"future":[277,472],"work.":[278],"load":[280],"levels":[281],"used":[282],"scalability":[284,425],"experiments":[285,318],"(up":[286],"5000":[288],"per":[290,334,438,446],"second)":[291],"intentionally":[292],"exceed":[293],"dataset\u2019s":[295],"natural":[296],"rate":[297],"stress-test":[299],"each":[300],"engine\u2019s":[301],"ceiling":[303],"identify":[305],"saturation":[306],"thresholds":[307,426],"relevant":[308],"large-scale":[310],"multi-sensor":[312],"deployments.":[314],"conducted":[316],"controlled":[317],"comprehensive":[320],"statistical":[321],"analysis.":[322],"Our":[323],"results":[324],"demonstrate":[325],"achieves":[328,383],"superior":[329],"throughput":[330],"at":[331,404],"4450":[332],"89%":[337],"efficiency":[338,431],"minimal":[340],"resource":[341,363],"consumption":[342],"(40":[343],"MB":[344],"memory,":[345],"12":[346],"ms":[347],"median":[348],"latency),":[349],"provides":[352],"robust":[353],"pattern":[355],"detection":[356,384],"93\u201398%":[358],"accuracy":[359],"stable,":[361],"predictable":[362],"utilization":[364],"(1.4%":[365],"CPU":[366],"standard":[367],"deviation).":[368],"A":[369],"multi-framework":[370],"comparison":[371],"including":[372],"Apache":[373],"Streams":[375],"offline":[377],"scikit-learn":[378],"baselines":[379],"confirms":[380,414],"quality":[385],"competitive":[386],"JVM-based":[388],"alternatives":[389],"(Faust:":[390],"96.2%;":[391],"Streams:":[393],"96.8%;":[394],"absolute":[395],"difference":[396],"0.6":[398],"percentage":[399],"points,":[400],"not":[401],"statistically":[402],"significant":[403,415],"p=0.318)":[405],"retaining":[407],"ecosystem":[410],"advantages.":[411],"Statistical":[412],"analysis":[413],"differences":[417],"all":[419],"metrics":[420],"(p&lt;0.001,":[421],"Cohen\u2019s":[422],"d&gt;0.8).":[423],"Critical":[424],"identified:":[428],"maintains":[430],"above":[432],"95%":[433],"up":[434],"3500":[436],"second,":[439],"degrades":[442],"beyond":[443],"2500":[444],"second.":[447],"These":[448],"findings":[449],"provide":[450],"engineers":[453],"system":[455],"architects":[456],"actionable,":[458],"empirically":[459],"grounded":[460],"guidance":[461],"selection,":[465],"establish":[466],"reproducible":[467],"benchmarking":[468],"methodology":[469],"applicable":[470],"evaluations,":[476],"advance":[478],"theoretical":[479],"understanding":[480],"accuracy\u2013throughput":[483],"trade-off":[484],"versus":[487],"architectures.":[491]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}
