{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133200783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030156","title":"A Leakage-Aware Multimodal Machine Learning Framework for Nutrition Supply\u2013Demand Forecasting Using Temporal and Spatial Data Fusion","display_name":"A Leakage-Aware Multimodal Machine Learning Framework for Nutrition Supply\u2013Demand Forecasting Using Temporal and Spatial Data Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133200783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/3/156/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/3/156/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127817324","display_name":"Abdullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX","PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","Department of Computer Sciences, Bahria University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7983-2189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Bahria University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110663173","display_name":"Muhammad Ateeb Ather","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5397-6768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ateeb Ather","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Bahria University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5397-6768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Bahria University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030966850","display_name":"Hern\u00e1ndez Rodr\u00edguez J","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Oropeza Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092196840","display_name":"Carlos Guzm\u00e1n Sanch\u00e9z-Mejorada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-2870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Guzm\u00e1n S\u00e1nchez-Mejorada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-2870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052865473","display_name":"Miguel Jes\u00fas Torres Ruiz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Jes\u00fas Torres Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-6979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009642189","display_name":"Rolando Quintero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Quintero Tellez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computing Research, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127817324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215","https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33166562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"156","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.2321999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.2321999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.10400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11610","display_name":"Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disjoint-sets","display_name":"Disjoint sets","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-database","display_name":"Temporal database","score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.3190999925136566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7497000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45340560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215382","display_name":"Disjoint sets","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77277458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969246","display_name":"Temporal database","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/3/156/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:51b20679850d43d2bb17599ede514800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/51b20679850d43d2bb17599ede514800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 156 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15030156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/3/156/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.47263267636299133,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326490","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Estado de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133200783.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133200783.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017957151","https://openalex.org/W2069849731","https://openalex.org/W2604507879","https://openalex.org/W2969558179","https://openalex.org/W4282924988","https://openalex.org/W4388453670","https://openalex.org/W4400145881","https://openalex.org/W4401224204","https://openalex.org/W4401945049","https://openalex.org/W4405865167","https://openalex.org/W4406191462","https://openalex.org/W4406344036","https://openalex.org/W4406965187","https://openalex.org/W4407027112","https://openalex.org/W4407694617","https://openalex.org/W4407985411","https://openalex.org/W4408043164","https://openalex.org/W4408055422","https://openalex.org/W4409074081","https://openalex.org/W4409825086","https://openalex.org/W4410027532","https://openalex.org/W4410538540","https://openalex.org/W4410956019","https://openalex.org/W4411453281","https://openalex.org/W4412021704","https://openalex.org/W4412072035","https://openalex.org/W4412349443","https://openalex.org/W4412355058","https://openalex.org/W4412380335","https://openalex.org/W4412526091","https://openalex.org/W4412944812","https://openalex.org/W4413042935"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"forecasting":[1,125,241],"of":[2,31,177,209,214,219,236],"nutrition":[3,47],"supply\u2013demand":[4,48],"dynamics":[5],"is":[6,132],"essential":[7],"for":[8,46],"reducing":[9],"resource":[10],"wastage":[11,208],"and":[12,28,55,71,91,152,163,172,191,216],"improving":[13],"equitable":[14],"allocation.":[15],"However,":[16],"this":[17],"task":[18],"remains":[19],"challenging":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,74,197],"heterogeneous":[23],"data":[24,82],"sources,":[25],"cold-start":[26],"regions,":[27],"the":[29,156,234,237],"risk":[30],"information":[32,57],"leakage":[33,141],"in":[34,206],"spatiotemporal":[35,136],"modeling.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"presents":[39],"a":[40,59,100,106,224],"leakage-aware":[41],"multimodal":[42,164],"machine":[43],"learning":[44],"framework":[45,51,158,238],"forecasting.":[49],"The":[50],"integrates":[52],"temporal,":[53],"spatial,":[54],"contextual":[56],"within":[58],"unified":[60],"architecture.":[61],"It":[62,166],"combines":[63],"self-supervised":[64],"temporal":[65,102],"representation":[66],"learning,":[67],"causal":[68,188],"time-lag":[69,189],"modeling,":[70],"few-shot":[72,192],"adaptation":[73,193],"improve":[75],"generalization":[76],"under":[77,134,181,239],"limited":[78],"or":[79],"previously":[80],"unseen":[81,231],"conditions.":[83],"Heterogeneous":[84],"inputs":[85],"include":[86],"epidemiological,":[87],"environmental,":[88],"demographic,":[89],"sentiment,":[90],"biologically":[92],"derived":[93],"indicators.":[94],"These":[95],"signals":[96,145],"are":[97,114,146],"encoded":[98],"using":[99,117],"PatchTST-inspired":[101],"backbone":[103],"coupled":[104],"with":[105,126,139],"feature-token":[107],"transformer":[108],"employing":[109],"cross-modal":[110],"attention.":[111],"Spatial":[112],"dependencies":[113],"explicitly":[115],"modeled":[116],"graph":[118],"neural":[119],"networks.":[120],"Hierarchical":[121],"decoding":[122],"enables":[123],"multi-horizon":[124],"calibrated":[127],"uncertainty":[128],"estimates.":[129],"Model":[130],"evaluation":[131],"conducted":[133],"strict":[135],"hold-out":[137],"protocols":[138],"explicit":[140],"detection.":[142],"All":[143],"synthetic":[144],"excluded":[147],"from":[148],"testing.":[149],"Across":[150],"geographically":[151],"temporally":[153],"disjoint":[154],"datasets,":[155],"proposed":[157],"consistently":[159],"outperforms":[160],"strong":[161],"unimodal":[162],"baselines.":[165],"achieves":[167],"macro-F1":[168],"scores":[169],"above":[170],"99.5%":[171],"stable":[173],"early-warning":[174],"lead":[175],"times":[176],"approximately":[178,210],"9":[179],"days":[180],"distribution":[182],"shift.":[183],"Ablation":[184],"studies":[185],"indicate":[186],"that":[187],"enforcement":[190],"contribute":[194],"most":[195],"strongly":[196],"performance":[198],"robustness.":[199],"Closed-loop":[200],"simulation":[201],"experiments":[202],"suggest":[203],"potential":[204],"reductions":[205],"nutrient":[207],"38%,":[211],"response":[212],"latency":[213],"19%,":[215],"operational":[217],"costs":[218],"16%":[220],"when":[221],"deployed":[222],"as":[223],"decision-support":[225],"tool.":[226],"External":[227],"validation":[228],"on":[229],"fully":[230],"regions":[232],"confirms":[233],"generalizability":[235],"realistic":[240],"constraints.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}