{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116838534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010004","title":"Self-Referencing Digital Twin for Thermal and Task Management in Package Stacked ESP32-S3 Microcontrollers with Mixture-of-Experts and Neural Networks","display_name":"Self-Referencing Digital Twin for Thermal and Task Management in Package Stacked ESP32-S3 Microcontrollers with Mixture-of-Experts and Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116838534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/1/4/pdf?version=1766310081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/1/4/pdf?version=1766310081","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069362224","display_name":"Y. Q. Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3453-4185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072227926","display_name":"Parth J. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3395-8189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parth Sandeepbhai Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Rio Rancho, NM 87124, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Rio Rancho, NM 87124, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077961327","display_name":"T. Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040093787","display_name":"Dryver R. Huston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dryver Huston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040093787","https://openalex.org/A5077961327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58811311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.08299999684095383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replica","display_name":"Replica","score":0.5310999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.3521000146865845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.5310999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158411068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720568","display_name":"Digital control","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103987645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q985806","display_name":"Network interface","level":3,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/1/4/pdf?version=1766310081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0fc94f38a9144329b4f2415635ee7026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0fc94f38a9144329b4f2415635ee7026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/1/4/pdf?version=1766310081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4293116849","display_name":"CPS: Medium: RUI: Collaborative Research: Real-time Subsurface Sensing with Cognitive Networked Robotic System","funder_award_id":"2345851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7068349199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-PK-3181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7979286095","display_name":"RII Track-2 FEC: Advancing Research Towards Industries of the Future to Ensure Economic Growth for EPSCoR Jurisdictions - Advanced Wireless - Integration with Infrastructure System","funder_award_id":"2119485","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7116838534.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7116838534.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088407355","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2511059485","https://openalex.org/W2809290718","https://openalex.org/W4386425201","https://openalex.org/W4392682258","https://openalex.org/W4399186420","https://openalex.org/W4402679931","https://openalex.org/W4402862484","https://openalex.org/W4409407973","https://openalex.org/W4414463434"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermal":[0],"limitations":[1],"restrict":[2],"the":[3,54,57,70,87,161,194],"performance":[4],"of":[5,53,89],"low-cost,":[6],"vertically":[7],"stacked":[8],"embedded":[9],"systems.":[10],"This":[11],"paper":[12],"presents":[13],"a":[14,25,32,40,49,190,205],"self-referencing":[15],"digital":[16,51,58,166],"twin":[17,59,167],"framework":[18],"for":[19,36,43,131],"thermal":[20,65],"and":[21,72,84,106,122,142,151,175,213,221],"task":[22,37,108,170],"management":[23],"in":[24,178],"multi-device":[26],"ESP32-S3":[27,162,192],"stack.":[28],"The":[29,77,164],"system":[30],"combines":[31],"Mixture-of-Experts":[33],"(MoE)":[34],"model":[35,79],"allocation":[38],"with":[39,146,183,211],"neural":[41,112],"network":[42,113],"short-term":[44],"temperature":[45,174,208,232],"prediction.":[46],"Acting":[47],"as":[48],"lightweight":[50],"replica":[52],"physical":[55],"stack,":[56,193],"continuously":[60],"monitors":[61],"device":[62,82],"states,":[63],"forecasts":[64],"behavior":[66],"30":[67],"s":[68],"into":[69],"future,":[71],"adapts":[73],"workload":[74,90],"distribution":[75],"accordingly.":[76],"MoE":[78],"evaluates":[80],"each":[81],"individually":[83],"asynchronously,":[85],"estimating":[86],"portion":[88],"it":[91],"should":[92],"receive":[93],"based":[94,172,219],"on":[95,173,189],"current":[96],"state":[97],"features":[98],"including":[99],"SoC":[100],"temperature,":[101],"CPU":[102],"frequency,":[103],"stack":[104],"position,":[105],"recent":[107],"history.":[109],"A":[110],"separate":[111],"predicts":[114],"future":[115],"temperatures":[116],"using":[117],"real-time":[118],"data":[119,130],"from":[120,160],"local":[121],"neighboring":[123],"devices,":[124],"enabling":[125],"proactive":[126],"thermal-aware":[127],"scheduling.":[128],"Training":[129],"both":[132],"models":[133],"is":[134],"collected":[135],"through":[136],"controlled":[137],"experiments":[138,188],"involving":[139],"fixed-frequency":[140],"operation":[141],"structured":[143],"frequency":[144],"switching":[145],"idle":[147],"phases.":[148],"All":[149],"predictions":[150],"control":[152,220],"actions":[153],"are":[154],"driven":[155],"by":[156],"in-built":[157],"sensor":[158],"feedback":[159],"microcontrollers.":[163],"resulting":[165],"supports":[168],"distributed":[169],"scheduling":[171,196],"works":[176],"well":[177],"simple,":[179],"low-cost":[180],"edge":[181],"systems":[182],"heat":[184],"constraints.":[185],"In":[186],"one-hour":[187],"6":[191],"proposed":[195],"method":[197],"completes":[198],"up":[199],"to":[200],"572":[201],"computation":[202],"rounds":[203,215,223],"at":[204,224,233],"50":[206],"\u00b0C":[207],"limit,":[209],"compared":[210],"493":[212],"542":[214],"under":[216],"logistic":[217],"regression":[218],"534":[222],"fixed":[225],"240":[226],"MHz":[227],"operation,":[228],"while":[229],"keeping":[230],"peak":[231],"51":[234],"\u00b0C.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-12-23T00:00:00"}
