{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106505476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120514","title":"DEVS Closure Under Coupling, Universality, and Uniqueness: Enabling Simulation and Software Interoperability from a System-Theoretic Foundation","display_name":"DEVS Closure Under Coupling, Universality, and Uniqueness: Enabling Simulation and Software Interoperability from a System-Theoretic Foundation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106505476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14120514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/12/514/pdf?version=1764062147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/12/514/pdf?version=1764062147","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bernard P. Zeigler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernard P. Zeigler","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTSync Corp., Chandler, AZ 85226, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTSync Corp., Chandler, AZ 85226, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Kewley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144487","display_name":"Cloud Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04aa0zm65","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Kewley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simlytics.Cloud, Randolph, NJ 07869, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simlytics.Cloud, Randolph, NJ 07869, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gabriel Wainer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Wainer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-9184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57034018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"514","last_page":"514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.8848000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11773","display_name":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14082","display_name":"Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2607","display_name":"Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devs","display_name":"DEVS","score":0.961899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7472000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5924999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composability","display_name":"Composability","score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-event-simulation","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loose-coupling","display_name":"Loose coupling","score":0.4172999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68757728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911082","display_name":"DEVS","level":3,"score":0.961899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7472000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6984999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5924999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778814252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156715","display_name":"Composability","level":2,"score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147203929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574814","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","level":2,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164100034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1870629","display_name":"Loose coupling","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779791154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258040","display_name":"Model transformation","level":3,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167343916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888384","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57041688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220644","display_name":"Service-oriented architecture","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14120514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/12/514/pdf?version=1764062147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e057dc7851234690864539fb9ea7de22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e057dc7851234690864539fb9ea7de22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 514 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14120514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14120514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/12/514/pdf?version=1764062147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7106505476.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7106505476.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W214267840","https://openalex.org/W656401910","https://openalex.org/W1977677057","https://openalex.org/W1982409672","https://openalex.org/W1985739247","https://openalex.org/W1989823508","https://openalex.org/W1994826690","https://openalex.org/W1998105456","https://openalex.org/W2001345404","https://openalex.org/W2003157617","https://openalex.org/W2006585398","https://openalex.org/W2006856162","https://openalex.org/W2010343809","https://openalex.org/W2010463500","https://openalex.org/W2013042501","https://openalex.org/W2036267176","https://openalex.org/W2036769537","https://openalex.org/W2042354044","https://openalex.org/W2046534590","https://openalex.org/W2046667177","https://openalex.org/W2047867665","https://openalex.org/W2053554417","https://openalex.org/W2059229587","https://openalex.org/W2060917290","https://openalex.org/W2065384566","https://openalex.org/W2071391180","https://openalex.org/W2072687349","https://openalex.org/W2080640990","https://openalex.org/W2089507474","https://openalex.org/W2091969895","https://openalex.org/W2096357419","https://openalex.org/W2105636315","https://openalex.org/W2110806620","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2111185088","https://openalex.org/W2112689949","https://openalex.org/W2113239092","https://openalex.org/W2114864560","https://openalex.org/W2116677989","https://openalex.org/W2121682643","https://openalex.org/W2129456243","https://openalex.org/W2129531247","https://openalex.org/W2136631562","https://openalex.org/W2138723580","https://openalex.org/W2143064248","https://openalex.org/W2148537804","https://openalex.org/W2149877769","https://openalex.org/W2150139634","https://openalex.org/W2158341912","https://openalex.org/W2159003424","https://openalex.org/W2159685657","https://openalex.org/W2160674285","https://openalex.org/W2164239854","https://openalex.org/W2166455423","https://openalex.org/W2169054892","https://openalex.org/W2266305855","https://openalex.org/W2291394520","https://openalex.org/W2295503422","https://openalex.org/W2296234281","https://openalex.org/W2299037634","https://openalex.org/W2404751543","https://openalex.org/W2490622085","https://openalex.org/W2589523939","https://openalex.org/W2590535025","https://openalex.org/W2618347484","https://openalex.org/W2653725191","https://openalex.org/W2751186152","https://openalex.org/W2756724837","https://openalex.org/W2772085561","https://openalex.org/W2791147787","https://openalex.org/W2795260024","https://openalex.org/W2800106114","https://openalex.org/W2805465566","https://openalex.org/W2805643599","https://openalex.org/W2887896001","https://openalex.org/W2889157228","https://openalex.org/W2900720765","https://openalex.org/W2901072265","https://openalex.org/W2902545120","https://openalex.org/W2918449242","https://openalex.org/W2995130309","https://openalex.org/W3061866020","https://openalex.org/W3087861348","https://openalex.org/W3158185366","https://openalex.org/W3167724469","https://openalex.org/W4213415456","https://openalex.org/W4213453687","https://openalex.org/W4220684674","https://openalex.org/W4280524854","https://openalex.org/W4285396311","https://openalex.org/W4303710079","https://openalex.org/W4309418445","https://openalex.org/W4310081629","https://openalex.org/W4315777164","https://openalex.org/W4319039940","https://openalex.org/W4319734046","https://openalex.org/W4365152267","https://openalex.org/W4366325312","https://openalex.org/W4381191308","https://openalex.org/W4383104641","https://openalex.org/W4390051672","https://openalex.org/W4393182809","https://openalex.org/W4395660760","https://openalex.org/W4396864703","https://openalex.org/W4397033824","https://openalex.org/W4400995184","https://openalex.org/W4403864019"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,7,49,59,78,141],"foundational":[4],"mechanisms":[5,153],"of":[6,64],"Discrete":[8],"Event":[9],"System":[10],"Specification":[11],"(DEVS)":[12],"theory\u2014closure":[13],"under":[14,31],"coupling,":[15],"universality,":[16],"and":[17,41,61,84,113,118,126,159],"uniqueness\u2014and":[18],"their":[19],"critical":[20],"role":[21],"in":[22,91,103],"enabling":[23],"interoperability":[24,117],"through":[25],"modular,":[26],"hierarchical":[27,85],"simulation":[28,66,163],"frameworks.":[29],"Closure":[30],"coupling":[32],"empowers":[33],"modelers":[34],"to":[35,82],"compose":[36],"interconnected":[37],"models,":[38],"both":[39],"atomic":[40],"coupled,":[42],"into":[43],"unified":[44],"systems":[45],"without":[46],"departing":[47],"from":[48,80],"DEVS":[50,107,124,142],"formalism.":[51],"We":[52,149],"show":[53,75],"how":[54,123],"this":[55],"modular":[56,83],"approach":[57],"supports":[58],"scalable":[60],"flexible":[62],"construction":[63],"complex":[65],"architectures":[67],"on":[68],"a":[69,88],"firm":[70],"system-theoretic":[71],"foundation.":[72],"Also,":[73],"we":[74,121],"that":[76,92,129,151],"facilitating":[77],"transformation":[79],"non-modular":[81,94],"structures":[86],"endows":[87],"major":[89],"benefit":[90],"existing":[93],"models":[95],"can":[96,136,155],"be":[97,137],"accommodated":[98],"by":[99],"simply":[100],"wrapping":[101],"them":[102],"DEVS-compliant":[104],"format.":[105],"Therefore,":[106],"theory":[108],"simplifies":[109],"model":[110],"maintenance,":[111],"integration,":[112],"extension,":[114],"thereby":[115],"promoting":[116],"reuse.":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"demonstrate":[122],"universality":[125],"uniqueness":[127],"guarantee":[128],"any":[130],"system":[131],"with":[132,140],"discrete":[133],"event":[134],"interfaces":[135],"structurally":[138],"represented":[139],"formalism,":[143],"ensuring":[144],"consistency":[145],"across":[146],"heterogeneous":[147],"platforms.":[148],"propose":[150],"these":[152],"collectively":[154],"streamline":[156],"simulator":[157],"design":[158],"implementation":[160],"for":[161],"advancing":[162],"interoperability.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}