{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416350082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110498","title":"An Embedded Convolutional Neural Network Model for Potato Plant Disease Classification","display_name":"An Embedded Convolutional Neural Network Model for Potato Plant Disease Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416350082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/498/pdf?version=1763289975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/498/pdf?version=1763289975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048404649","display_name":"Laila Hammam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0203-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laila Hammam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018209195","display_name":"Hany Ayad Bastawrous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hany Ayad Bastawrous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062963994","display_name":"Hani A. Ghali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-551X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Ghali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060949156","display_name":"Gamal A. Ebrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6519-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gamal A. Ebrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060949156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2628895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"498","last_page":"498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9186000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9186000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12660","display_name":"Plant Disease Management Techniques","score":0.024700000882148743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11745","display_name":"Potato Plant Research","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7408000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease","display_name":"Plant disease","score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blight","display_name":"Blight","score":0.3671000003814697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7408000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6610999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182076605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273292","display_name":"Blight","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/498/pdf?version=1763289975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5a6b02a82956406cb9107a19b3d2a4eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5a6b02a82956406cb9107a19b3d2a4eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 498 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/498/pdf?version=1763289975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416350082.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416350082.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012686613","https://openalex.org/W2057106128","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2614850301","https://openalex.org/W2774245783","https://openalex.org/W2789255992","https://openalex.org/W2991626434","https://openalex.org/W2997952217","https://openalex.org/W3021970402","https://openalex.org/W3046914828","https://openalex.org/W3119462501","https://openalex.org/W3124743778","https://openalex.org/W3134717070","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3165045544","https://openalex.org/W3205277050","https://openalex.org/W3208770459","https://openalex.org/W4206167565","https://openalex.org/W4225776735","https://openalex.org/W4226191138","https://openalex.org/W4234573189","https://openalex.org/W4285415793","https://openalex.org/W4290997076","https://openalex.org/W4307486628","https://openalex.org/W4375863159","https://openalex.org/W4377030725","https://openalex.org/W4380079524","https://openalex.org/W4383533709","https://openalex.org/W4385555302","https://openalex.org/W4386775075","https://openalex.org/W4388739602","https://openalex.org/W4389145159","https://openalex.org/W4392562605"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Globally,":[0],"potatoes":[1],"are":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,17,73,87,181,190],"the":[5,15,22,49,71,85,131,134,146,150,160,169,177],"major":[6],"crops":[7],"that":[8,39],"significantly":[9,166],"contribute":[10],"to":[11,48,91,106],"food":[12],"security;":[13],"hence,":[14],"field":[16],"machine":[18],"learning":[19],"has":[20,36],"opened":[21],"gate":[23],"for":[24,101,130,145,159],"many":[25],"advances":[26],"in":[27,149],"plant":[28],"disease":[29],"detection.":[30],"For":[31],"real-time":[32,40],"agricultural":[33],"applications,":[34],"it":[35],"been":[37],"found":[38],"data":[41,75,185],"processing":[42],"is":[43,46,90],"challenging;":[44],"this":[45,88],"due":[47],"limitations":[50],"and":[51,66,95,112,124,139,153,171,183],"constraints":[52],"imposed":[53],"by":[54,63,176],"hardware":[55,81,104],"platforms.":[56],"However,":[57],"such":[58],"challenges":[59],"can":[60],"be":[61],"handled":[62],"deploying":[64],"simple":[65],"optimized":[67,96],"AI":[68],"models":[69],"serving":[70],"need":[72],"accurate":[74],"classification":[76],"while":[77],"taking":[78],"into":[79],"consideration":[80],"resource":[82],"limitations.":[83],"Hence,":[84],"purpose":[86],"study":[89],"implement":[92],"a":[93,118],"customized":[94],"convolutional":[97],"neural":[98],"network":[99],"model":[100,165],"deployment":[102],"on":[103,192],"platforms":[105],"classify":[107],"both":[108,122,168],"potato":[109,113],"early":[110],"blight":[111,115],"late":[114],"diseases.":[116],"Lastly,":[117],"thorough":[119],"comparison":[120],"between":[121],"embedded":[123,147],"PC":[125],"simulation":[126],"implementations":[127],"was":[128,143,157],"conducted":[129],"three":[132],"models:":[133],"implemented":[135],"CNN":[136],"model,":[137],"VGG16,":[138],"ResNet50.":[140],"Raspberry":[141],"Pi3":[142],"chosen":[144,158],"implementation":[148],"intermediate":[151],"stage":[152],"NVIDIA":[154],"Jetson":[155],"Nano":[156],"final":[161],"stage.":[162],"The":[163],"suggested":[164],"outperformed":[167],"VGG16":[170],"ResNet50":[172],"CNNs,":[173],"as":[174],"evidenced":[175],"inference":[178],"time,":[179],"number":[180],"FLOPs,":[182],"CPU":[184],"usage,":[186],"with":[187],"an":[188],"accuracy":[189],"95%":[191],"predicting":[193],"unseen":[194],"data.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}
