{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416188219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110494","title":"eXplainable AI Framework for Automated Lesson Plan Generation and Alignment with Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy","display_name":"eXplainable AI Framework for Automated Lesson Plan Generation and Alignment with Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416188219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/494/pdf?version=1763035494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/494/pdf?version=1763035494","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030558567","display_name":"Deborah Olaniyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Olaniyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-060X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009920995","display_name":"Julius Olaniyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-4606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Olaniyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Data Science (CADS), Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8301, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Data Science (CADS), Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8301, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048398805","display_name":"Ibidun Christiana Obagbuwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-2823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibidun C. Obagbuwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Science and Computing, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Science and Computing, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006144837","display_name":"Anthony Tsetse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168416876","display_name":"Northern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k44g025","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony K. Tsetse","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Analytics, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Analytics, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048398805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12522323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"494","last_page":"494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.39989998936653137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.39989998936653137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.18219999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.08309999853372574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesson-plan","display_name":"Lesson plan","score":0.35510000586509705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7208999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776185021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033770","display_name":"Lesson plan","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56289545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423376","display_name":"Knowledge integration","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/494/pdf?version=1763035494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07c0b450f0594b4abb511e1f4d7b0529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07c0b450f0594b4abb511e1f4d7b0529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 494 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14110494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/11/494/pdf?version=1763035494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416188219.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416188219.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2624147939","https://openalex.org/W2770717476","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W3084223432","https://openalex.org/W3093424417","https://openalex.org/W3182546273","https://openalex.org/W4292264221","https://openalex.org/W4395680087","https://openalex.org/W4400210801","https://openalex.org/W4404766029","https://openalex.org/W4405597432","https://openalex.org/W4409296175","https://openalex.org/W4411406312","https://openalex.org/W4412016492","https://openalex.org/W4412136332"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,151],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,143],"Explainable":[4],"Artificial":[5],"Intelligence":[6],"(XAI)":[7],"framework":[8,131],"for":[9,138,148],"the":[10,24,57,93,126,154],"automated":[11],"generation":[12,44],"of":[13,27,52,109,156],"lesson":[14,55],"plans":[15],"aligned":[16],"with":[17,40,134],"Bloom\u2019s":[18],"Taxonomy.":[19],"The":[20,130],"proposed":[21],"system":[22],"addresses":[23],"dual":[25],"challenges":[26],"accurate":[28],"cognitive":[29,61],"classification":[30,106],"and":[31,64,89,121,141,166],"pedagogical":[32,112],"transparency":[33],"by":[34,162],"integrating":[35],"a":[36,41,48,135,170],"multi-task":[37],"transformer-based":[38],"classifier":[39],"taxonomy-conditioned":[42],"content":[43,116],"module.":[45],"Drawing":[46],"from":[47],"locally":[49],"curated":[50],"dataset":[51],"3000":[53],"annotated":[54],"objectives,":[56],"model":[58],"predicts":[59],"both":[60],"process":[62],"levels":[63],"knowledge":[65],"dimensions":[66],"using":[67],"attention-enhanced":[68],"representations,":[69],"while":[70],"offering":[71],"token-level":[72],"explanations":[73],"via":[74],"SHAP":[75],"to":[76,85,92,98],"support":[77],"interpretability.":[78],"A":[79],"GPT-based":[80],"generator":[81],"leverages":[82],"these":[83],"predictions":[84],"produce":[86],"instructional":[87,164],"activities":[88],"assessments":[90],"tailored":[91],"taxonomy":[94],"level,":[95],"enabling":[96],"educators":[97],"scaffold":[99],"learning":[100],"effectively.":[101],"Empirical":[102],"evaluations":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"strong":[105],"performance":[107],"(F1-score":[108],"91.8%),":[110],"high":[111],"alignment":[113],"in":[114,125],"generated":[115],"(mean":[117],"expert":[118],"rating:":[119],"4.43/5),":[120],"robust":[122],"user":[123],"trust":[124],"system\u2019s":[127],"explanatory":[128],"outputs.":[129],"is":[132],"designed":[133],"feedback":[136],"loop":[137],"continuous":[139],"fine-tuning":[140],"incorporates":[142],"educator-facing":[144],"interface":[145],"conceptually":[146],"developed":[147],"practical":[149],"deployment.":[150],"study":[152],"advances":[153],"integration":[155],"trustworthy":[157],"AI":[158],"into":[159],"curriculum":[160],"design":[161],"promoting":[163],"quality":[165],"human-in-the-loop":[167],"explainability":[168],"within":[169],"theoretically":[171],"grounded":[172],"implementation.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}