{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415206736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100437","title":"A Systematic Review of Machine Learning in Credit Card Fraud Detection Under Original Class Imbalance","display_name":"A Systematic Review of Machine Learning in Credit Card Fraud Detection Under Original Class Imbalance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415206736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/10/437/pdf?version=1760521415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/10/437/pdf?version=1760521415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014865033","display_name":"Nazerke Baisholan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-0466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nazerke Baisholan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-0466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048693490","display_name":"J. Eric Dietz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-3824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Eric Dietz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026923377","display_name":"Sergiy Gnatyuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90281761","display_name":"State University \"Kyiv Aviation Institute\"","ror":"https://ror.org/01f74x078","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90281761"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergiy Gnatyuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, State University \u201cKyiv Aviation Institute\u201d, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine","State Scientific and Research Institute of Cybersecurity Technologies and Information Protection, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, State University \u201cKyiv Aviation Institute\u201d, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90281761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Scientific and Research Institute of Cybersecurity Technologies and Information Protection, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046228742","display_name":"Mussa Turdalyuly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130577743","display_name":"Narxoz University","ror":"https://ror.org/0523w7v09","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130577743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114545","display_name":"Almaty Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xeb1c73","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114545"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mussa Turdalyuly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Technologies, Narxoz University, Almaty 050035, Kazakhstan","School of Engineering and Information Technologies, Eurasian Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan","Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Technologies, Narxoz University, Almaty 050035, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130577743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Information Technologies, Eurasian Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114545"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112234198","display_name":"Eric T. Matson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric T. Matson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114465893","display_name":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044b\u0433\u0430\u0448 \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-5998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karlygash Baisholanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-5998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014865033","https://openalex.org/A5046228742","https://openalex.org/A5114465893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130","https://openalex.org/I3130577743","https://openalex.org/I4210114545"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":7.8651,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97651007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"437","last_page":"437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9373999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5622000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-fraud","display_name":"Credit card fraud","score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.3562999963760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7161999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6930999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5622000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780747020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83873","display_name":"Credit card fraud","level":4,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121158502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4652161","display_name":"AKA","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776088982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841402","display_name":"Silver bullet","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21021354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207171","display_name":"Payment card","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/10/437/pdf?version=1760521415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a0f7fab9d46440b19fc0ac7f2ad2bf7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a0f7fab9d46440b19fc0ac7f2ad2bf7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 437 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/10/437/pdf?version=1760521415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7079495001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AP25794007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322726","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322726","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","ror":"https://ror.org/03pj6ge82"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415206736.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415206736.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583721256","https://openalex.org/W2756359217","https://openalex.org/W2800300634","https://openalex.org/W2958438225","https://openalex.org/W2991368766","https://openalex.org/W3004886588","https://openalex.org/W3005048680","https://openalex.org/W3013288387","https://openalex.org/W3036230325","https://openalex.org/W3082204077","https://openalex.org/W3095164600","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3128145622","https://openalex.org/W3157532648","https://openalex.org/W3173446864","https://openalex.org/W3186199132","https://openalex.org/W3194207361","https://openalex.org/W3217705725","https://openalex.org/W4200336056","https://openalex.org/W4205471456","https://openalex.org/W4223648795","https://openalex.org/W4297347671","https://openalex.org/W4298343014","https://openalex.org/W4306152303","https://openalex.org/W4309048668","https://openalex.org/W4310295910","https://openalex.org/W4310398111","https://openalex.org/W4310736693","https://openalex.org/W4311527951","https://openalex.org/W4312452763","https://openalex.org/W4317233797","https://openalex.org/W4321843950","https://openalex.org/W4323520659","https://openalex.org/W4323664070","https://openalex.org/W4361767524","https://openalex.org/W4381236037","https://openalex.org/W4385466376","https://openalex.org/W4388097990","https://openalex.org/W4388305876","https://openalex.org/W4389299837","https://openalex.org/W4393140641","https://openalex.org/W4396517979","https://openalex.org/W4399081599","https://openalex.org/W4399343347","https://openalex.org/W4400205871","https://openalex.org/W4400323427","https://openalex.org/W4400438710","https://openalex.org/W4400439174","https://openalex.org/W4401387986","https://openalex.org/W4401502788","https://openalex.org/W4402194596","https://openalex.org/W4402263272","https://openalex.org/W4402603156","https://openalex.org/W4403124553","https://openalex.org/W4404031529","https://openalex.org/W4404179995","https://openalex.org/W4404520638","https://openalex.org/W4404593305","https://openalex.org/W4405861617","https://openalex.org/W4407169666","https://openalex.org/W4407179573","https://openalex.org/W4407614203","https://openalex.org/W4408809836","https://openalex.org/W4409559188","https://openalex.org/W4409968170","https://openalex.org/W4410292018","https://openalex.org/W4410296032","https://openalex.org/W4410609129","https://openalex.org/W4410940843","https://openalex.org/W4410968878"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Credit":[0],"card":[1],"fraud":[2,44,189],"remains":[3],"a":[4,31,131,137,179],"significant":[5],"concern":[6],"for":[7,21,139,150,168],"financial":[8],"institutions":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,42,95,182],"its":[12,148],"low":[13],"prevalence,":[14],"evolving":[15],"tactics,":[16],"and":[17,40,62,82,90,99,117,153,174,185],"the":[18,49,52,75,105,118,166],"operational":[19,157],"demand":[20],"timely,":[22],"accurate":[23],"detection.":[24],"Machine":[25],"learning":[26],"(ML)":[27],"has":[28],"emerged":[29],"as":[30],"core":[32],"approach,":[33],"capable":[34],"of":[35,48,120,134,145,156],"processing":[36],"large-scale":[37],"transactional":[38],"data":[39],"adapting":[41],"new":[43],"patterns.":[45],"However,":[46],"much":[47],"literature":[50,68],"modifies":[51],"natural":[53],"class":[54,77],"distribution":[55],"through":[56,161],"resampling,":[57],"potentially":[58],"inflating":[59],"reported":[60],"performance":[61],"limiting":[63],"real-world":[64,192],"applicability.":[65],"This":[66],"systematic":[67],"review":[69],"examines":[70],"only":[71],"studies":[72],"that":[73],"preserve":[74],"original":[76],"imbalance":[78,193],"during":[79],"both":[80],"training":[81],"evaluation.":[83],"Following":[84],"PRISMA":[85],"2020":[86],"guidelines,":[87],"strict":[88],"inclusion":[89],"exclusion":[91],"criteria":[92],"were":[93],"applied":[94],"ensure":[96],"methodological":[97],"rigor":[98],"relevance.":[100],"Four":[101],"research":[102,180],"questions":[103],"guided":[104],"analysis,":[106],"focusing":[107],"on":[108,130],"dataset":[109],"usage,":[110],"ML":[111],"algorithm":[112],"adoption,":[113],"evaluation":[114,172],"metric":[115],"selection,":[116],"integration":[119],"explainable":[121],"artificial":[122],"intelligence":[123],"(XAI).":[124],"The":[125,163],"synthesis":[126],"reveals":[127],"dominant":[128],"reliance":[129],"small":[132],"set":[133],"benchmark":[135],"datasets,":[136],"preference":[138],"tree-based":[140],"ensemble":[141],"methods,":[142],"limited":[143],"use":[144],"AUC-PR":[146],"despite":[147],"suitability":[149],"skewed":[151],"data,":[152],"rare":[154],"implementation":[155],"explainability,":[158],"most":[159],"notably":[160],"SHAP.":[162],"findings":[164],"highlight":[165],"need":[167],"semantics-preserving":[169],"benchmarks,":[170],"cost-aware":[171],"frameworks,":[173],"analyst-oriented":[175],"interpretability":[176],"tools,":[177],"offering":[178],"agenda":[181],"improve":[183],"reproducibility":[184],"enable":[186],"effective,":[187],"transparent":[188],"detection":[190],"under":[191],"conditions.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
