{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414492073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409","title":"A Review of Multi-Microgrids Operation and Control from a Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective","display_name":"A Review of Multi-Microgrids Operation and Control from a Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414492073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021818476","display_name":"Ola Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4543-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ola Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035179934","display_name":"Osama A. Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-4046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama A. Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021818476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":7.6274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97512406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"409","last_page":"409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.37070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:022c19f8004f4462922353cdf28ebca1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/022c19f8004f4462922353cdf28ebca1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 409 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14100409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054153713","https://openalex.org/W2743720138","https://openalex.org/W2895263269","https://openalex.org/W2900859370","https://openalex.org/W2910971919","https://openalex.org/W2924089547","https://openalex.org/W2954067297","https://openalex.org/W2958719206","https://openalex.org/W2963723202","https://openalex.org/W2965875542","https://openalex.org/W3009409702","https://openalex.org/W3019658717","https://openalex.org/W3019689237","https://openalex.org/W3034771197","https://openalex.org/W3049666257","https://openalex.org/W3083630348","https://openalex.org/W3094550118","https://openalex.org/W3119773391","https://openalex.org/W3135349110","https://openalex.org/W3195960484","https://openalex.org/W3198903976","https://openalex.org/W4225927988","https://openalex.org/W4226290213","https://openalex.org/W4229063556","https://openalex.org/W4285262831","https://openalex.org/W4296871125","https://openalex.org/W4309093719","https://openalex.org/W4312080766","https://openalex.org/W4312762935","https://openalex.org/W4312899972","https://openalex.org/W4313182449","https://openalex.org/W4313576412","https://openalex.org/W4322752647","https://openalex.org/W4381512067","https://openalex.org/W4382941088","https://openalex.org/W4385541858","https://openalex.org/W4385945561","https://openalex.org/W4387443994","https://openalex.org/W4387614838","https://openalex.org/W4390691176","https://openalex.org/W4391175701","https://openalex.org/W4391472430","https://openalex.org/W4393131629","https://openalex.org/W4393395154","https://openalex.org/W4401070380","https://openalex.org/W4401567648","https://openalex.org/W4402389708","https://openalex.org/W4402809974","https://openalex.org/W4402992333","https://openalex.org/W4403126452","https://openalex.org/W4403759044","https://openalex.org/W4407097814","https://openalex.org/W4407566518","https://openalex.org/W4408144779","https://openalex.org/W4410206486","https://openalex.org/W4410297752","https://openalex.org/W4410343004","https://openalex.org/W4410492311","https://openalex.org/W4410770189","https://openalex.org/W4410985769","https://openalex.org/W4411171679","https://openalex.org/W4412389630","https://openalex.org/W4412985363","https://openalex.org/W4413824707"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developing":[0],"multi-microgrid":[1],"(MMG)":[2],"systems":[3,11,45,88,110],"provides":[4],"a":[5,13,83,90],"new":[6],"paradigm":[7],"for":[8,32,135,152],"power":[9],"distribution":[10],"with":[12],"higher":[14],"degree":[15],"of":[16,23,28,52,86,99,103,115,170],"resilience,":[17],"flexibility,":[18],"and":[19,41,62,71,77,97,120,148,168],"sustainability.":[20],"The":[21,106],"inclusion":[22],"communication":[24,50,100,116,143],"networks":[25],"as":[26,57],"part":[27],"MMG":[29,69,87,109],"is":[30],"critical":[31],"coordinating":[33],"distributed":[34],"energy":[35,43,104],"resources":[36],"(DERs)":[37],"in":[38,68,74],"real":[39],"time":[40],"deploying":[42],"management":[44],"(EMS)":[46],"efficiently.":[47],"However,":[48],"the":[49,95,133,165],"quality":[51],"service":[53],"(QoS)":[54],"parameters":[55],"such":[56],"latency,":[58],"jitter,":[59],"packet":[60],"loss,":[61],"throughput":[63],"play":[64],"an":[65],"essential":[66],"role":[67],"control":[70,112],"stability,":[72],"especially":[73],"highly":[75],"dynamic":[76],"high-traffic":[78],"situations.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"presents":[82],"focused":[84],"review":[85],"from":[89],"cyber-physical":[91,138,172],"viewpoint,":[92],"particularly":[93],"concerning":[94],"challenges":[96],"implications":[98],"network":[101],"performance":[102],"management.":[105],"literature":[107],"on":[108],"includes":[111],"strategies,":[113],"models":[114],"infrastructure,":[117],"cybersecurity":[118,150],"challenges,":[119],"co-simulation":[121],"platforms.":[122],"We":[123,154],"have":[124],"identified":[125],"research":[126,141,157,161],"gaps,":[127],"including,":[128],"but":[129],"not":[130],"limited":[131,140],"to,":[132],"need":[134],"scalable,":[136],"real-time":[137],"systems;":[139],"examining":[142],"QoS":[144],"under":[145],"realistic":[146],"conditions/traffic;":[147],"integrated":[149],"strategies":[151],"MMGs.":[153,173],"suggest":[155],"future":[156],"opportunities":[158],"considering":[159],"these":[160],"gaps":[162],"to":[163],"enhance":[164],"resiliency,":[166],"adaptability,":[167],"sustainability":[169],"modern":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}