{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414312117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090397","title":"Development of an Early Lung Cancer Diagnosis Method Based on a Neural Network","display_name":"Development of an Early Lung Cancer Diagnosis Method Based on a Neural Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414312117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/397/pdf?version=1758200750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/397/pdf?version=1758200750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045617952","display_name":"\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-3188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indira Karymsakova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000455823","display_name":"Dinara Kozhakhmetova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4327-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dinara Kozhakhmetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086006104","display_name":"\u0414\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0493\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141757","display_name":"Astana Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mavt60","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dariga Bekenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technologies, Higher School of Business and Digital Technologies, University \u201cTuran-Astana\u201d, Y Dukenuly, 29a Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technologies, Higher School of Business and Digital Technologies, University \u201cTuran-Astana\u201d, Y Dukenuly, 29a Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119662775","display_name":"Danila Ostroukh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danila Ostroukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roza Bekbayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-4591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roza Bekbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086006752","display_name":"Lazat Kydyralina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazat Kydyralina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008354767","display_name":"Alina Bugubayeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119320","display_name":"Private Institution \u201cKaraganda University of Kazpotrebsoyuz\u201d","ror":"https://ror.org/02cbftw37","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119320"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alina Bugubayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Engineering and IT-Analytics, Faculty of Finance, Logistics and Digital Technologies, Karaganda University of Kazpotrebsouz, 9 Academic St., Karaganda 100009, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Engineering and IT-Analytics, Faculty of Finance, Logistics and Digital Technologies, Karaganda University of Kazpotrebsouz, 9 Academic St., Karaganda 100009, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106362271","display_name":"Dinara Kurushbayeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159258","display_name":"Shakarim State University Of Semey","ror":"https://ror.org/052q3p191","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinara Kurushbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000455823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159258"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3340047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"397","last_page":"397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9097999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-analysis","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","score":0.3073999881744385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23808793","display_name":"Radiomics","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/397/pdf?version=1758200750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f61d9e145214365a3b21e085c8a4c33","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f61d9e145214365a3b21e085c8a4c33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 397 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/397/pdf?version=1758200750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414312117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414312117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972198295","https://openalex.org/W2124611117","https://openalex.org/W2125476676","https://openalex.org/W2149273020","https://openalex.org/W2753240894","https://openalex.org/W2755007334","https://openalex.org/W2776099766","https://openalex.org/W2792467012","https://openalex.org/W2906301919","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W3207284521","https://openalex.org/W4214549583","https://openalex.org/W4311106657","https://openalex.org/W4313466134","https://openalex.org/W4313495080","https://openalex.org/W4313515418","https://openalex.org/W4313559936","https://openalex.org/W4320913492","https://openalex.org/W4366392262","https://openalex.org/W4385342304","https://openalex.org/W4388019625","https://openalex.org/W4388654218","https://openalex.org/W4389902033","https://openalex.org/W4399399789","https://openalex.org/W4400002537","https://openalex.org/W4403020372","https://openalex.org/W4404523737","https://openalex.org/W4405867422","https://openalex.org/W4410939981","https://openalex.org/W4411964565"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cancer":[0],"is":[1,31],"one":[2],"of":[3,21,25,62,77,167],"the":[4,9,18,60,101,104,143,155,168,181],"most":[5],"lethal":[6],"diseases":[7,126],"in":[8,46,98],"modern":[10],"world.":[11],"Early":[12],"diagnosis":[13,55],"significantly":[14],"contributes":[15],"to":[16,71,88,100,119,134,150,179],"prolonging":[17],"life":[19],"expectancy":[20],"patients.":[22],"The":[23,92,174],"application":[24,194],"intelligent":[26,169],"systems":[27,39,43,112,123],"and":[28,115,188],"AI":[29],"methods":[30,176],"crucial":[32],"for":[33,124,154,196],"diagnosing":[34],"oncological":[35,125],"diseases.":[36],"Primarily,":[37],"expert":[38,111,122],"or":[40],"decision":[41],"support":[42,159],"are":[44],"utilized":[45],"such":[47],"cases.":[48],"This":[49],"research":[50],"explores":[51],"early":[52,197],"lung":[53,144,198],"cancer":[54,145,199],"through":[56],"protocol-based":[57],"questioning,":[58],"considering":[59],"impact":[61],"nuclear":[63,89],"testing":[64],"factors.":[65],"Nuclear":[66],"tests":[67],"conducted":[68],"historically":[69],"continue":[70],"affect":[72],"citizens\u2019":[73],"health.":[74],"A":[75],"classification":[76],"regions":[78],"into":[79],"five":[80],"groups":[81],"was":[82,95,148,172,201],"proposed":[83],"based":[84,141],"on":[85,142],"their":[86],"proximity":[87],"test":[90,105],"sites.":[91],"weighting":[93],"coefficient":[94],"assigned":[96],"accordingly,":[97],"proportion":[99],"distance":[102],"from":[103],"zones.":[106],"In":[107],"this":[108,160],"study,":[109],"existing":[110],"were":[113,127,177],"analyzed":[114],"classified.":[116],"Approaches":[117],"used":[118,178],"build":[120],"diagnostic":[121,146,161],"grouped":[128],"by":[129],"how":[130],"well":[131],"they":[132],"apply":[133],"different":[135],"tumor":[136],"localizations.":[137],"An":[138],"online":[139],"questionnaire":[140],"protocol":[147],"created":[149],"gather":[151],"input":[152],"data":[153],"neural":[156],"network.":[157,190],"To":[158],"method,":[162],"a":[163,192],"functional":[164],"block":[165],"diagram":[166],"system":[170],"\u201cOncology\u201d":[171],"developed.":[173],"following":[175],"create":[180],"mathematical":[182],"model:":[183],"gradient":[184],"boosting,":[185],"multilayer":[186],"perceptron,":[187],"Hamming":[189],"Finally,":[191],"web":[193],"architecture":[195],"detection":[200],"proposed.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
