{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413907535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090360","title":"Real-Time Face Mask Detection Using Federated Learning","display_name":"Real-Time Face Mask Detection Using Federated Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413907535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/360/pdf?version=1756627574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/360/pdf?version=1756627574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015889293","display_name":"Tudor-Mihai David","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122695212","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Timi\u015foara","ror":"https://ror.org/02v91gy68","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tudor-Mihai David","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology Department, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology Department, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061592063","display_name":"Mihai Udrescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122695212","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Timi\u015foara","ror":"https://ror.org/02v91gy68","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Udrescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Technology Department, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Technology Department, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061592063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23347581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"360","last_page":"360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.614945113658905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5998271703720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5869601368904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46802884340286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.421906977891922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.25392839312553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.25341346859931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.072357177734375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.614945113658905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5998271703720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5869601368904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46802884340286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.421906977891922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.25392839312553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25341346859931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.072357177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/360/pdf?version=1756627574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b226d94063a45a38bc715344f2c2d8a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b226d94063a45a38bc715344f2c2d8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 360 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14090360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/9/360/pdf?version=1756627574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413907535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413907535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1782702917","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2994960072","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3003598256","https://openalex.org/W3010785824","https://openalex.org/W3012325474","https://openalex.org/W3017158853","https://openalex.org/W3036496141","https://openalex.org/W3038942251","https://openalex.org/W3047373111","https://openalex.org/W3085884129","https://openalex.org/W3092356801","https://openalex.org/W3093577997","https://openalex.org/W3101073882","https://openalex.org/W3108017148","https://openalex.org/W3108426412","https://openalex.org/W3112087292","https://openalex.org/W3113325168","https://openalex.org/W3113421202","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3134423973","https://openalex.org/W3138522453","https://openalex.org/W3162524694","https://openalex.org/W3185551961","https://openalex.org/W4205603901","https://openalex.org/W4221004518","https://openalex.org/W4243794359","https://openalex.org/W4283323297","https://openalex.org/W4360765136","https://openalex.org/W4379599846","https://openalex.org/W4406736862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Epidemics":[0],"caused":[1],"by":[2,83],"respiratory":[3,70],"infections":[4,71],"have":[5],"become":[6,15],"a":[7,98,125,163],"global":[8],"and":[9,37,42,190],"systemic":[10],"threat":[11],"since":[12],"humankind":[13],"has":[14,29],"highly":[16],"connected":[17],"via":[18],"modern":[19],"transportation":[20],"systems.":[21],"Any":[22],"new":[23],"pathogen":[24],"with":[25,182],"human-to-human":[26],"transmission":[27],"capabilities":[28],"the":[30,46,61,67,92,141,156,188],"potential":[31],"to":[32,65,115,132,171],"cause":[33],"public":[34],"health":[35],"disasters":[36],"severe":[38],"disruptions":[39],"of":[40,60,69,140,167,180,192],"social":[41],"economic":[43,76],"activities.":[44],"During":[45],"COVID-19":[47],"pandemic,":[48],"we":[49,161],"learned":[50],"that":[51,63,87,135,152],"proper":[52],"mask-wearing":[53,133,164],"in":[54,91],"closed,":[55],"restricted":[56,94],"areas":[57],"was":[58],"one":[59],"measures":[62],"worked":[64],"mitigate":[66],"spread":[68],"while":[72],"allowing":[73],"for":[74],"continuing":[75],"activity.":[77],"Previous":[78],"research":[79],"approached":[80],"this":[81,122],"issue":[82],"designing":[84],"hardware\u2013software":[85],"systems":[86],"determine":[88],"whether":[89],"individuals":[90],"surveilled":[93],"area":[95],"are":[96,104],"using":[97],"mask;":[99],"however,":[100],"most":[101],"such":[102,120],"solutions":[103],"centralized,":[105],"thus":[106],"requiring":[107],"massive":[108],"computational":[109],"resources,":[110],"which":[111],"makes":[112],"them":[113],"hard":[114],"scale":[116],"up.":[117],"To":[118],"address":[119],"issues,":[121],"paper":[123],"proposes":[124],"novel":[126],"decentralized,":[127],"federated":[128],"learning":[129,174],"(FL)":[130],"solution":[131,146],"detection":[134],"instantiates":[136],"our":[137,193],"lightweight":[138],"version":[139],"MobileNetV2":[142],"model.":[143],"The":[144],"FL":[145],"also":[147],"ensures":[148],"individual":[149],"privacy,":[150],"given":[151],"images":[153],"remain":[154],"at":[155],"local,":[157],"device":[158],"level.":[159],"Importantly,":[160],"obtained":[162],"training":[165],"accuracy":[166],"98%":[168],"(i.e.,":[169],"similar":[170],"centralized":[172],"machine":[173],"solutions)":[175],"after":[176,195],"only":[177],"eight":[178],"rounds":[179],"communication":[181],"25":[183],"clients.":[184],"We":[185],"rigorously":[186],"proved":[187],"reliability":[189],"robustness":[191],"approach":[194],"repeated":[196],"K-fold":[197],"cross-validation.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}