{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412573294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080298","title":"Deep Learning Techniques for Retinal Layer Segmentation to Aid Ocular Disease Diagnosis: A Review","display_name":"Deep Learning Techniques for Retinal Layer Segmentation to Aid Ocular Disease Diagnosis: A Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412573294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14080298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/8/298/pdf?version=1753177917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/8/298/pdf?version=1753177917","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075239726","display_name":"Oliver Jonathan Quintana-Quintana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-1756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157492648","display_name":"Autonomous University of Queretaro","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8fdc16","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Jonathan Quintana-Quintana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036529804","display_name":"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-0329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157492648","display_name":"Autonomous University of Queretaro","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8fdc16","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042447268","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Carlos Pedraza\u2010Ortega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157492648","display_name":"Autonomous University of Queretaro","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8fdc16","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jes\u00fas Carlos Pedraza-Ortega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030476417","display_name":"Gendry Alfonso-Francia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-1133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157492648","display_name":"Autonomous University of Queretaro","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8fdc16","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gendry Alfonso-Francia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054830331","display_name":"Sa\u00fal Tovar\u2010Arriaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157492648","display_name":"Autonomous University of Queretaro","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8fdc16","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saul Tovar-Arriaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054830331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157492648"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":10.4883,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98504992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"298","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.6833682656288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5933083295822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5107269287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49088674783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.4877970516681671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.45183998346328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4503242075443268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4127504229545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.39566949009895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1733231544494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.12046921253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09953862428665161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6833682656288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5933083295822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5107269287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49088674783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4877970516681671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.45183998346328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4503242075443268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4127504229545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39566949009895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1733231544494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.12046921253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09953862428665161}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14080298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/8/298/pdf?version=1753177917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:babf21b4f7a845d68e42358f3d27993f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/babf21b4f7a845d68e42358f3d27993f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 298 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14080298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/8/298/pdf?version=1753177917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412573294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412573294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57491127","https://openalex.org/W176676203","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1977563470","https://openalex.org/W1999973789","https://openalex.org/W2001080026","https://openalex.org/W2010076359","https://openalex.org/W2013054374","https://openalex.org/W2021933371","https://openalex.org/W2049039270","https://openalex.org/W2060040689","https://openalex.org/W2073380885","https://openalex.org/W2074598933","https://openalex.org/W2132830939","https://openalex.org/W2134954483","https://openalex.org/W2145192598","https://openalex.org/W2160605010","https://openalex.org/W2171651020","https://openalex.org/W2295043053","https://openalex.org/W2353245995","https://openalex.org/W2418802570","https://openalex.org/W2475095287","https://openalex.org/W2521776509","https://openalex.org/W2602597203","https://openalex.org/W2608854843","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2802927435","https://openalex.org/W2888905826","https://openalex.org/W2896556344","https://openalex.org/W2898575988","https://openalex.org/W2901389674","https://openalex.org/W2907465751","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942638530","https://openalex.org/W2962053516","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2964944781","https://openalex.org/W2980604726","https://openalex.org/W2984166897","https://openalex.org/W2996651271","https://openalex.org/W3007369657","https://openalex.org/W3013227159","https://openalex.org/W3021426668","https://openalex.org/W3034417203","https://openalex.org/W3088956154","https://openalex.org/W3092762369","https://openalex.org/W3099929472","https://openalex.org/W3112132175","https://openalex.org/W3116279133","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3135474521","https://openalex.org/W3135758776","https://openalex.org/W3136054725","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3162527784","https://openalex.org/W3163368546","https://openalex.org/W3182202248","https://openalex.org/W3183866489","https://openalex.org/W3197431875","https://openalex.org/W4220747310","https://openalex.org/W4247214019","https://openalex.org/W4291910402","https://openalex.org/W4296120761","https://openalex.org/W4297678441","https://openalex.org/W4312095882","https://openalex.org/W4312838128","https://openalex.org/W4313007769","https://openalex.org/W4313856624","https://openalex.org/W4319786837","https://openalex.org/W4320015831","https://openalex.org/W4323793900","https://openalex.org/W4360618714","https://openalex.org/W4377115686","https://openalex.org/W4378627993","https://openalex.org/W4379653276","https://openalex.org/W4379961518","https://openalex.org/W4386362719","https://openalex.org/W4386825029","https://openalex.org/W4389724481","https://openalex.org/W4396623679","https://openalex.org/W4402131868","https://openalex.org/W6644582233","https://openalex.org/W6655617290","https://openalex.org/W6680034198","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6763192084","https://openalex.org/W6788338583","https://openalex.org/W6795481379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387265590","https://openalex.org/W1995904975","https://openalex.org/W3032712071","https://openalex.org/W4389019322","https://openalex.org/W2034516402","https://openalex.org/W3040090327","https://openalex.org/W2756647615","https://openalex.org/W83614871","https://openalex.org/W2979526170","https://openalex.org/W806426592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Age-related":[0],"ocular":[1,207],"conditions":[2],"like":[3],"macular":[4],"degeneration":[5],"(AMD),":[6],"diabetic":[7],"retinopathy":[8],"(DR),":[9],"and":[10,42,70,99,104,111,120,173,190,199],"glaucoma":[11],"are":[12],"leading":[13],"causes":[14],"of":[15,28,37,59,78,106,186],"irreversible":[16],"vision":[17],"loss":[18],"globally.":[19],"Optical":[20],"coherence":[21],"tomography":[22],"(OCT)":[23],"provides":[24,182],"essential":[25],"non-invasive":[26],"visualization":[27],"retinal":[29,61,83,118,149],"structures":[30],"for":[31,55,143,176,205],"early":[32],"diagnosis,":[33],"but":[34],"manual":[35],"analysis":[36],"these":[38],"images":[39],"is":[40],"labor-intensive":[41],"prone":[43],"to":[44,193],"variability.":[45],"Deep":[46],"learning":[47],"(DL)":[48],"techniques":[49],"have":[50],"emerged":[51],"as":[52,147],"powerful":[53],"tools":[54,204],"automating":[56],"the":[57,60,76,79,87,102,148,174],"segmentation":[58,85,203],"layer":[62,84],"in":[63,81,166],"OCT":[64],"scans,":[65],"potentially":[66],"improving":[67],"diagnostic":[68],"efficiency":[69],"consistency.":[71],"This":[72,180],"review":[73,181],"systematically":[74],"evaluates":[75],"state":[77],"art":[80],"DL-based":[82],"using":[86],"PRISMA":[88],"methodology.":[89],"We":[90],"analyze":[91],"various":[92],"architectures":[93],"(including":[94],"CNNs,":[95],"U-Net":[96],"variants,":[97],"GANs,":[98],"transformers),":[100],"examine":[101],"characteristics":[103],"availability":[105],"datasets,":[107],"discuss":[108],"common":[109],"preprocessing":[110],"data":[112],"augmentation":[113],"strategies,":[114],"identify":[115],"frequently":[116],"targeted":[117],"layers,":[119,145],"compare":[121],"performance":[122],"evaluation":[123,163],"metrics":[124],"across":[125],"studies.":[126],"Our":[127],"synthesis":[128],"highlights":[129],"significant":[130],"progress,":[131],"particularly":[132],"with":[133],"U-Net-based":[134],"models,":[135],"which":[136],"often":[137],"achieve":[138],"Dice":[139],"scores":[140],"exceeding":[141],"0.90":[142],"well-defined":[144],"such":[146],"pigment":[150],"epithelium":[151],"(RPE).":[152],"However,":[153],"it":[154],"also":[155],"identifies":[156],"ongoing":[157],"challenges,":[158],"including":[159],"dataset":[160],"heterogeneity,":[161],"inconsistent":[162],"protocols,":[164],"difficulties":[165],"segmenting":[167],"specific":[168],"layers":[169],"(e.g.,":[170],"OPL,":[171],"RNFL),":[172],"need":[175],"improved":[177],"clinical":[178],"integration.":[179],"a":[183],"comprehensive":[184],"overview":[185],"current":[187],"strengths,":[188],"limitations,":[189],"future":[191],"directions":[192],"guide":[194],"research":[195],"towards":[196],"more":[197],"robust":[198],"clinically":[200],"applicable":[201],"automated":[202],"enhanced":[206],"disease":[208],"diagnosis.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}