{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412966459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285","title":"Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions","display_name":"Performance Evaluation and QoS Optimization of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Communication Networks Under Delay-Sensitive Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412966459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070257444","display_name":"Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-4070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030778638","display_name":"Hiba Mohanad Isam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119257","display_name":"University of Information Technology and Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/028h0pd91","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119257"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiba Mohanad Isam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad I10091, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad I10091, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101294178","display_name":"Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8010-1909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information System, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Mohyel Asser 62521, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information System, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Mohyel Asser 62521, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113420258","display_name":"Ikhlas Saad Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikhlas Saad Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116245144","display_name":"Lutfieh S. Alhomed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088963","display_name":"University of Ha'il","ror":"https://ror.org/013w98a82","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutfieh S. Alhomed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074228765","display_name":"Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0552-8539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amel Mohamed essaket Zahou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008910195","display_name":"Fayaz Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-2820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Department Applied College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093584943","display_name":"Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duria Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Applied College, University of Najran, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Applied College, University of Najran, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027625117","display_name":"Mohamed Elobaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017366245","display_name":"Tijjani Adam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tijjani Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia","Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia","Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070257444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088963"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.4361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83919338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"285","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7523121237754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.709191620349884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6914902329444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6257816553115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5150001049041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5034422278404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38920462131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17042276263237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7523121237754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.709191620349884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6914902329444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6257816553115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5150001049041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5034422278404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38920462131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17042276263237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f4fea3fcd5a4c56b504c4c0c6399466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f4fea3fcd5a4c56b504c4c0c6399466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 285 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6097463339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2021/ICT11/UNIMAP/03/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2771051695","https://openalex.org/W2942080144","https://openalex.org/W3013212367","https://openalex.org/W3097780295","https://openalex.org/W3135008185","https://openalex.org/W3156693237","https://openalex.org/W3157498587","https://openalex.org/W4210294932","https://openalex.org/W4213037217","https://openalex.org/W4214895855","https://openalex.org/W4283080009","https://openalex.org/W4283324417","https://openalex.org/W4283361171","https://openalex.org/W4291653298","https://openalex.org/W4293057342","https://openalex.org/W4298624852","https://openalex.org/W4320921377","https://openalex.org/W4366829273","https://openalex.org/W4368405037","https://openalex.org/W4378422564","https://openalex.org/W4385235333","https://openalex.org/W4385452097","https://openalex.org/W4385795892","https://openalex.org/W4390663578","https://openalex.org/W4391345694","https://openalex.org/W4401413532","https://openalex.org/W4402319142","https://openalex.org/W4406034945","https://openalex.org/W4407415350","https://openalex.org/W4408482588","https://openalex.org/W4409173452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136583354","https://openalex.org/W2111238207","https://openalex.org/W2760721665","https://openalex.org/W2107954672","https://openalex.org/W330130819","https://openalex.org/W2288610023","https://openalex.org/W2323516465","https://openalex.org/W2112044895","https://openalex.org/W3121416282","https://openalex.org/W2137811827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"Communication":[1],"Networks":[2],"(VCNs)":[3],"are":[4,97],"essential":[5],"to":[6,37,63,104,160,172],"intelligent":[7],"transportation":[8],"systems,":[9],"where":[10],"real-time":[11],"data":[12,133],"exchange":[13],"between":[14,148],"vehicles":[15],"and":[16,21,41,66,76,84,91,107,110,144,150,169,187,211],"infrastructure":[17],"supports":[18],"safety,":[19],"efficiency,":[20],"automation.":[22],"However,":[23],"achieving":[24],"high":[25,39],"Quality":[26],"of":[27,44,131,140,209],"Service":[28],"(QoS)\u2014especially":[29],"under":[30],"delay-sensitive":[31],"conditions\u2014remains":[32],"a":[33],"major":[34],"challenge":[35],"due":[36],"the":[38,99,111,207],"mobility":[40],"dynamic":[42],"topology":[43],"vehicular":[45,219],"environments.":[46],"While":[47],"some":[48],"efforts":[49],"have":[50,56],"explored":[51],"routing":[52,81],"protocol":[53,213],"optimization,":[54],"few":[55],"systematically":[57],"compared":[58],"multiple":[59],"optimization":[60,95],"approaches":[61],"tailored":[62],"distinct":[64,94],"traffic":[65],"delay":[67,146,171],"conditions.":[68],"This":[69],"study":[70],"addresses":[71],"this":[72],"gap":[73],"by":[74],"evaluating":[75],"enhancing":[77],"two":[78],"widely":[79],"used":[80],"protocols,":[82],"QOS-AODV":[83],"GPSR,":[85],"through":[86],"their":[87],"improved":[88],"versions,":[89],"CM-QOS-AODV":[90],"CM-GPSR.":[92],"Two":[93],"models":[96],"proposed:":[98],"Traffic-Oriented":[100],"Model":[101,113],"(TOM),":[102],"designed":[103],"handle":[105],"variable":[106],"high-traffic":[108],"conditions,":[109],"Delay-Efficient":[112],"(DEM),":[114],"focused":[115],"on":[116],"reducing":[117],"latency":[118],"for":[119,181,200],"time-critical":[120],"scenarios.":[121],"Performance":[122],"was":[123],"evaluated":[124],"using":[125],"key":[126],"QoS":[127],"metrics:":[128],"throughput":[129,165],"(rate":[130],"successful":[132],"delivery),":[134],"packet":[135],"delivery":[136],"ratio":[137],"(PDR)":[138],"(percentage":[139],"successfully":[141],"delivered":[142],"packets),":[143],"end-to-end":[145],"(latency":[147],"sender":[149],"receiver).":[151],"Simulation":[152],"results":[153],"reveal":[154],"that":[155],"TOM-optimized":[156],"protocols":[157],"achieve":[158],"up":[159],"10%":[161],"higher":[162],"PDR,":[163],"maintain":[164],"above":[166],"0.40":[167],"Mbps,":[168],"reduce":[170],"as":[173,175,184],"low":[174],"0.01":[176],"s,":[177],"making":[178,196],"them":[179,197],"suitable":[180],"applications":[182],"such":[183],"collision":[185],"avoidance":[186],"emergency":[188],"alerts.":[189],"DEM-based":[190],"variants":[191],"offer":[192],"balanced,":[193],"moderate":[194],"improvements,":[195],"better":[198],"suited":[199],"general-purpose":[201],"VCN":[202],"applications.":[203],"These":[204],"findings":[205],"underscore":[206],"importance":[208],"traffic-":[210],"delay-aware":[212],"design":[214],"in":[215],"developing":[216],"robust,":[217],"QoS-compliant":[218],"communication":[220],"systems.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
