{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412428760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070279","title":"A Large Language Model-Based Approach for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection on Social Media","display_name":"A Large Language Model-Based Approach for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection on Social Media","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412428760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/279/pdf?version=1752585323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/279/pdf?version=1752585323","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037976026","display_name":"Muhammad Usman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-6429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110017583","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8799-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008287867","display_name":"Grigori Sidorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-3522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grigori Sidorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-3522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060935214","display_name":"Irina Gelbukh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-5752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Gelbukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-5752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009642189","display_name":"Rolando Quintero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Quintero Tellez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-8791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009642189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":7.1901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96707601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"279","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9434999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14432","display_name":"Freedom of Expression and Defamation","score":0.9311000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.648401141166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5766444206237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.5281406044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.427388072013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3948506712913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3934018611907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3905850350856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.18235141038894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16529962420463562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.648401141166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5766444206237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.5281406044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.427388072013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3948506712913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3934018611907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3905850350856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.18235141038894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16529962420463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/279/pdf?version=1752585323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:09e208cdd660403a8e1a904d5e0c84c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/09e208cdd660403a8e1a904d5e0c84c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 279 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/279/pdf?version=1752585323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412428760.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412428760.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2508023093","https://openalex.org/W2801267439","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2914363692","https://openalex.org/W2982222442","https://openalex.org/W3011369415","https://openalex.org/W3014487746","https://openalex.org/W3033211044","https://openalex.org/W3100941475","https://openalex.org/W3109121317","https://openalex.org/W3184890107","https://openalex.org/W4225395003","https://openalex.org/W4286801089","https://openalex.org/W4306362420","https://openalex.org/W4312894902","https://openalex.org/W4321351392","https://openalex.org/W4361746033","https://openalex.org/W4387350604","https://openalex.org/W4391947766","https://openalex.org/W4401432448","https://openalex.org/W4402978848","https://openalex.org/W4403253603","https://openalex.org/W4404335017","https://openalex.org/W4406228183","https://openalex.org/W4408471868","https://openalex.org/W4410801178","https://openalex.org/W4411232119","https://openalex.org/W4411435552","https://openalex.org/W4411446314","https://openalex.org/W4411708715","https://openalex.org/W6783724175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W191108438","https://openalex.org/W3135230428","https://openalex.org/W2904739811","https://openalex.org/W249088392","https://openalex.org/W2152158029","https://openalex.org/W2012540220","https://openalex.org/W2131711534","https://openalex.org/W2559837139","https://openalex.org/W1151175420","https://openalex.org/W2407342067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,186],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,19,79,215],"hate":[3,51,57,75,100,116,182,208,239],"speech":[4,52,58,76,101,117,183,209,240],"on":[5],"social":[6,15],"media":[7],"platforms":[8],"poses":[9],"significant":[10],"threats":[11],"to":[12,31,122,126,159,175,200],"digital":[13],"safety,":[14],"cohesion,":[16],"and":[17,36,87,96,129,149,152,211,235],"freedom":[18],"expression.":[20],"Detecting":[21],"such":[22],"content\u2014especially":[23],"across":[24,60,217],"diverse":[25,61],"languages\u2014remains":[26],"a":[27,46,72,167,226,233],"challenging":[28],"task":[29],"due":[30],"linguistic":[32],"complexity,":[33],"cultural":[34],"context,":[35],"resource":[37],"limitations.":[38],"To":[39,54],"address":[40],"these":[41,110],"challenges,":[42],"this":[43,63],"study":[44,64],"introduces":[45],"comprehensive":[47],"approach":[48],"for":[49,109,180,238],"multilingual":[50,95,228],"detection.":[53],"facilitate":[55],"robust":[56],"detection":[59,102,184,210,241],"languages,":[62],"makes":[65],"several":[66],"key":[67],"contributions.":[68],"First,":[69],"we":[70,90,113,133,165],"created":[71],"novel":[73],"trilingual":[74],"dataset":[77,229],"consisting":[78],"10,193":[80],"manually":[81],"annotated":[82],"tweets":[83],"in":[84,206,242],"English,":[85],"Spanish,":[86],"Urdu.":[88],"Second,":[89],"applied":[91],"two":[92],"innovative":[93],"techniques\u2014joint":[94],"translation-based":[97],"approaches\u2014for":[98],"cross-lingual":[99],"that":[103,190],"have":[104],"not":[105,223],"been":[106],"previously":[107],"explored":[108],"languages.":[111,220,244],"Third,":[112],"developed":[114],"detailed":[115],"annotation":[118],"guidelines":[119],"tailored":[120],"specifically":[121],"all":[123,218],"three":[124,219],"languages":[125],"ensure":[127],"consistent":[128],"high-quality":[130,227],"labeling.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"conducted":[134],"41":[135],"experiments":[136],"employing":[137],"machine":[138],"learning":[139,145],"models":[140,146,154],"with":[141,171],"TF\u2013IDF":[142],"features,":[143],"deep":[144],"utilizing":[147],"FastText":[148],"GloVe":[150],"embeddings,":[151],"transformer-based":[153],"leveraging":[155],"advanced":[156,172],"contextual":[157,173],"embeddings":[158,174],"comprehensively":[160],"evaluate":[161],"our":[162,191],"approach.":[163],"Additionally,":[164],"employed":[166],"large":[168],"language":[169],"model":[170,193],"identify":[176],"the":[177,181],"best":[178],"solution":[179],"task.":[185],"experimental":[187],"results":[188],"showed":[189],"GPT-3.5-turbo":[192],"significantly":[194],"outperforms":[195],"strong":[196],"baselines,":[197],"achieving":[198],"up":[199],"an":[201,212],"8%":[202],"improvement":[203],"over":[204],"XLM-R":[205],"Urdu":[207],"average":[213],"gain":[214],"4%":[216],"This":[221],"research":[222],"only":[224],"contributes":[225],"but":[230],"also":[231],"offers":[232],"scalable":[234],"inclusive":[236],"framework":[237],"underrepresented":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
