{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412428724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070277","title":"Predicting Risk and Complications of Diabetes Through Built-In Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Predicting Risk and Complications of Diabetes Through Built-In Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412428724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/277/pdf?version=1752580140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/277/pdf?version=1752580140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118990021","display_name":"Siana Sagar Bontha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siana Sagar Bontha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009450721","display_name":"Sastry Kodanda Rama Jammalamadaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sastry Kodanda Rama Jammalamadaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009450721","display_name":"Sastry Kodanda Rama Jammalamadaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sastry Kodanda Rama Jammalamadaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041270204","display_name":"V. Chandra Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-1122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandra Prakash Vudatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077586885","display_name":"Sasi Bhanu Jammalamadaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-9705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sasi Bhanu Jammalamadaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 500043, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 500043, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077586885","display_name":"Sasi Bhanu Jammalamadaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-9705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasi Bhanu Jammalamadaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Green Witch University, London SE10 9LS, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad 501401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IoT, Koneru Lakshmaiah Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522501, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Green Witch University, London SE10 9LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011619570","display_name":"Bala Krishna Kamesh Duvvuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6236-3339"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balakrishna Kamesh Duvvuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 500043, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 500043, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118990022","display_name":"Bala Chandrika Vudatha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bala Chandrika Vudatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Green Witch University, London SE10 9LS, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Green Witch University, London SE10 9LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009450721","https://openalex.org/A5077586885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573","https://openalex.org/I875944469"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.5761,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9598686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"277","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.6070302128791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4100305438041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40110325813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3983212113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.11155715584754944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6070302128791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4100305438041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40110325813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3983212113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.11155715584754944}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/277/pdf?version=1752580140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1896f2d05553454ba1b2c66012681ee8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1896f2d05553454ba1b2c66012681ee8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 277 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/277/pdf?version=1752580140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412428724.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412428724.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032017890","https://openalex.org/W2078784990","https://openalex.org/W2612292012","https://openalex.org/W2748194626","https://openalex.org/W2900833749","https://openalex.org/W2946387978","https://openalex.org/W2948003248","https://openalex.org/W2949187711","https://openalex.org/W2970160078","https://openalex.org/W2985328577","https://openalex.org/W2986446268","https://openalex.org/W3017382074","https://openalex.org/W3039409118","https://openalex.org/W3046639328","https://openalex.org/W3088893447","https://openalex.org/W3097563503","https://openalex.org/W3125573453","https://openalex.org/W3126599133","https://openalex.org/W3137532457","https://openalex.org/W3183198325","https://openalex.org/W3184114351","https://openalex.org/W3193468129","https://openalex.org/W3210233359","https://openalex.org/W4211058450","https://openalex.org/W4223893747","https://openalex.org/W4283069773","https://openalex.org/W4285804100","https://openalex.org/W4293434232","https://openalex.org/W4297478341","https://openalex.org/W4307990043","https://openalex.org/W4308118200","https://openalex.org/W4308945898","https://openalex.org/W4309153207","https://openalex.org/W4309211090","https://openalex.org/W4309759513","https://openalex.org/W4312477524","https://openalex.org/W4317438932","https://openalex.org/W4320496541","https://openalex.org/W4320918908","https://openalex.org/W4321378219","https://openalex.org/W4321459883","https://openalex.org/W4321598853","https://openalex.org/W4322503376","https://openalex.org/W4323846695","https://openalex.org/W4382489109","https://openalex.org/W4383619965","https://openalex.org/W4386472912","https://openalex.org/W4387363405","https://openalex.org/W4387379183","https://openalex.org/W4391843670","https://openalex.org/W4392653031","https://openalex.org/W4396721619","https://openalex.org/W4398147467","https://openalex.org/W4400833693","https://openalex.org/W4401210354","https://openalex.org/W4403108515","https://openalex.org/W4404179104","https://openalex.org/W4404700955","https://openalex.org/W4405934136","https://openalex.org/W6783894672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"global":[1],"healthcare":[2],"system":[3],"faces":[4],"significant":[5],"challenges":[6],"posed":[7],"by":[8],"diabetes":[9,95,171],"and":[10,23,35,41,74,96,129],"its":[11],"complications,":[12],"highlighting":[13],"the":[14,30,43,58,65,92,138,146,151,168],"need":[15],"for":[16,37,80,149],"innovative":[17],"strategies":[18],"to":[19,56,104,115,135],"improve":[20],"early":[21,31],"diagnosis":[22],"treatment.":[24],"Machine":[25],"learning":[26,51,100],"models":[27,53,118],"help":[28,136],"in":[29],"detection":[32],"of":[33,48,85,94,140,153,170,182],"diseases":[34],"recommendations":[36],"taking":[38],"safety":[39],"measures":[40],"treating":[42],"disease.":[44],"A":[45],"comparative":[46,111],"analysis":[47],"existing":[49],"machine":[50,99],"(ML)":[52],"is":[54,78,102,113,145,176],"necessary":[55],"identify":[57],"most":[59],"suitable":[60],"model":[61,66,112,122,128,132,148],"while":[62],"uniformly":[63],"fixing":[64],"parameters.":[67],"Assessing":[68],"risk":[69,77,93,126],"based":[70,90,119,158],"on":[71,91,120,159],"biomarker":[72,160],"measurement":[73],"computing":[75],"overall":[76],"important":[79],"accurate":[81],"prediction.":[82],"Early":[83],"prediction":[84,131,169],"complications":[86,172],"that":[87,167],"may":[88],"arise,":[89],"biomarkers,":[97],"using":[98,173],"models,":[101],"key":[103],"helping":[105],"patients.":[106],"In":[107],"this":[108],"paper,":[109],"a":[110,125,130,180],"presented":[114,134],"evaluate":[116],"ML":[117],"common":[121],"characteristics.":[123],"Additionally,":[124],"assessment":[127],"are":[133],"predict":[137],"occurrence":[139,152],"complications.":[141],"Random":[142],"Forest":[143],"(RF)":[144],"best":[147],"predicting":[150],"Type":[154],"2":[155],"Diabetes":[156],"(T2D)":[157],"input.":[161],"It":[162],"has":[163],"also":[164],"been":[165],"shown":[166],"neural":[174],"networks":[175],"highly":[177],"accurate,":[178],"reaching":[179],"level":[181],"98%.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}