{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411806367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070254","title":"FaceCloseup: Enhancing Mobile Facial Authentication with Perspective Distortion-Based Liveness Detection","display_name":"FaceCloseup: Enhancing Mobile Facial Authentication with Perspective Distortion-Based Liveness Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411806367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/254/pdf?version=1751026200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/254/pdf?version=1751026200","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045050946","display_name":"Yingjiu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045050946","display_name":"Yingjiu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingjiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443879","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443879","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384108","display_name":"Zilong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-1471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Space and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045050946","https://openalex.org/A5100443879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I181233156"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.6374,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83891082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"254","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.8986160755157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5964870452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5819255113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44748905301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.42288050055503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35846996307373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35555702447891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35541588068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.07481357455253601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.8986160755157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5964870452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5819255113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44748905301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.42288050055503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35846996307373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35555702447891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35541588068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.07481357455253601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/254/pdf?version=1751026200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8682e8b5308d478683bd1566ca6778b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8682e8b5308d478683bd1566ca6778b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 254 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14070254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/7/254/pdf?version=1751026200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411806367.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411806367.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125358319","https://openalex.org/W179458199","https://openalex.org/W277238768","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1488338708","https://openalex.org/W1966738114","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2006886274","https://openalex.org/W2008463373","https://openalex.org/W2022010203","https://openalex.org/W2033152196","https://openalex.org/W2073942619","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2088554076","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2111303254","https://openalex.org/W2125320497","https://openalex.org/W2131338307","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2155930830","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2158634666","https://openalex.org/W2160757564","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2165043427","https://openalex.org/W2211242044","https://openalex.org/W2332131368","https://openalex.org/W2468014222","https://openalex.org/W2468613895","https://openalex.org/W2739892638","https://openalex.org/W2788741149","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2799930024","https://openalex.org/W2887396754","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2961460039","https://openalex.org/W2963314072","https://openalex.org/W2963721962","https://openalex.org/W2963958000","https://openalex.org/W2971810730","https://openalex.org/W2982317202","https://openalex.org/W3004251986","https://openalex.org/W3094438865","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3101326583","https://openalex.org/W3122663073","https://openalex.org/W3137650873","https://openalex.org/W3157352951","https://openalex.org/W3168187868","https://openalex.org/W3168750027","https://openalex.org/W3211639626","https://openalex.org/W3217127532","https://openalex.org/W4384948616","https://openalex.org/W4391467992","https://openalex.org/W4393184626","https://openalex.org/W4394842307","https://openalex.org/W4400237523","https://openalex.org/W6633380843","https://openalex.org/W6644847746","https://openalex.org/W6682777295","https://openalex.org/W6796698851","https://openalex.org/W6804390308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1565271071","https://openalex.org/W2081199208","https://openalex.org/W2053262709","https://openalex.org/W3160870209","https://openalex.org/W3349016","https://openalex.org/W2494011163","https://openalex.org/W1481041875","https://openalex.org/W2139648957","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"authentication":[1,9,65,104,215],"has":[2],"gained":[3],"widespread":[4],"adoption":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,12,96,136,165,213],"biometric":[8],"method,":[10],"offering":[11],"convenient":[13],"alternative":[14],"to":[15,42,63],"traditional":[16],"password-based":[17],"systems,":[18],"particularly":[19],"on":[20,73,120,208],"mobile":[21,137],"devices":[22],"equipped":[23],"with":[24],"front-facing":[25],"cameras.":[26],"While":[27],"this":[28,78],"technology":[29],"enhances":[30],"usability":[31],"and":[32,175,201],"security":[33,141],"by":[34,105,135,154],"eliminating":[35],"password":[36],"management,":[37],"it":[38],"remains":[39],"highly":[40],"susceptible":[41],"spoofing":[43,171],"attacks.":[44],"Adversaries":[45],"can":[46],"exploit":[47],"facial":[48,87,103,129,160],"recognition":[49],"systems":[50],"using":[51],"pre-recorded":[52],"photos,":[53],"videos,":[54],"or":[55,123],"even":[56],"sophisticated":[57],"3D":[58,115,176],"models":[59],"of":[60,70,113,118],"victims\u2019":[61],"faces":[62,150],"bypass":[64],"mechanisms.":[66],"The":[67,162],"increasing":[68],"availability":[69],"personal":[71],"images":[72],"social":[74],"media":[75],"further":[76],"amplifies":[77],"risk,":[79],"making":[80],"robust":[81,219],"anti-spoofing":[82],"mechanisms":[83],"essential":[84],"for":[85,195],"secure":[86],"authentication.":[88,205],"To":[89],"address":[90],"these":[91],"challenges,":[92],"we":[93],"introduce":[94],"FaceCloseup,":[95],"novel":[97],"liveness":[98],"detection":[99],"technique":[100],"that":[101],"strengthens":[102],"leveraging":[106],"perspective":[107],"distortion":[108],"inherent":[109],"in":[110,131,168,182,204],"close-up":[111],"shots":[112],"real,":[114],"faces.":[116],"Instead":[117],"relying":[119],"additional":[121],"sensors":[122],"user-interactive":[124],"gestures,":[125],"FaceCloseup":[126,146,191],"passively":[127],"analyzes":[128],"distortions":[130,157],"video":[132],"frames":[133],"captured":[134],"device\u2019s":[138],"camera,":[139],"improving":[140],"without":[142],"compromising":[143],"user":[144],"experience.":[145],"effectively":[147],"distinguishes":[148],"live":[149],"from":[151],"spoofed":[152],"attacks":[153],"identifying":[155],"perspective-based":[156],"across":[158],"different":[159],"regions.":[161],"system":[163],"achieves":[164],"99.48%":[166],"accuracy":[167,181],"detecting":[169],"common":[170],"methods\u2014including":[172],"photo,":[173],"video,":[174],"model-based":[177],"attacks\u2014and":[178],"demonstrates":[179],"98.44%":[180],"differentiating":[183],"between":[184],"individual":[185],"users.":[186],"By":[187],"operating":[188],"entirely":[189],"on-device,":[190],"eliminates":[192],"the":[193],"need":[194],"cloud-based":[196],"processing,":[197],"reducing":[198],"privacy":[199],"concerns":[200],"potential":[202],"latency":[203],"Its":[206],"reliance":[207],"natural":[209],"device":[210],"movement":[211],"ensures":[212],"seamless":[214],"experience":[216],"while":[217],"maintaining":[218],"security.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T05:54:00.624950","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
