{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411162000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060227","title":"Deploying a Mental Health Chatbot in Higher Education: The Development and Evaluation of Luna, an AI-Based Mental Health Support System","display_name":"Deploying a Mental Health Chatbot in Higher Education: The Development and Evaluation of Luna, an AI-Based Mental Health Support System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411162000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/6/227/pdf?version=1749541182","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/6/227/pdf?version=1749541182","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048479550","display_name":"Phillip Olla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71792333","display_name":"University of Detroit Mercy","ror":"https://ror.org/0037qsh65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71792333"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Phillip Olla","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Health Professionals, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health Professionals, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71792333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071383821","display_name":"Ashlee Barnes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71792333","display_name":"University of Detroit Mercy","ror":"https://ror.org/0037qsh65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71792333"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashlee Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["McAuley School of Nursing, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McAuley School of Nursing, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71792333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101883708","display_name":"Lauren Elliott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1120-1492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Elliott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035697342","display_name":"Mustafa Abumeeiz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Abumeeiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118112840","display_name":"Venus Olla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venus Olla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Therapist Student Counselling Centre, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Therapist Student Counselling Centre, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102986649","display_name":"Joseph Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-6885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048479550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71792333"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.0565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91913531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"227","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8493314981460571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.7728407382965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.49773481488227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.4644157290458679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3120022416114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2925207018852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26866453886032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.21156126260757446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8493314981460571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.7728407382965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49773481488227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4644157290458679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3120022416114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2925207018852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26866453886032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.21156126260757446}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/6/227/pdf?version=1749541182","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eab4b460bf624f5a9ce5789d26b5d14b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eab4b460bf624f5a9ce5789d26b5d14b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 227 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/6/227/pdf?version=1749541182","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411162000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411162000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891230948","https://openalex.org/W2903051064","https://openalex.org/W2918860847","https://openalex.org/W2922711788","https://openalex.org/W3005588833","https://openalex.org/W3010560628","https://openalex.org/W3022528244","https://openalex.org/W3033432616","https://openalex.org/W3036236864","https://openalex.org/W3098991845","https://openalex.org/W3102337008","https://openalex.org/W3118086842","https://openalex.org/W3127557571","https://openalex.org/W3148997915","https://openalex.org/W3174267857","https://openalex.org/W3203104184","https://openalex.org/W4200400319","https://openalex.org/W4200615999","https://openalex.org/W4210773190","https://openalex.org/W4220856280","https://openalex.org/W4220969884","https://openalex.org/W4293802464","https://openalex.org/W4296309270","https://openalex.org/W4320920246","https://openalex.org/W4323352096","https://openalex.org/W4362632992","https://openalex.org/W4366703942","https://openalex.org/W4377084726","https://openalex.org/W4381996422","https://openalex.org/W4392195219","https://openalex.org/W4394805876","https://openalex.org/W4404539929","https://openalex.org/W4406527380","https://openalex.org/W6756649672","https://openalex.org/W6785172531","https://openalex.org/W6873693366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4383501580","https://openalex.org/W4214931137","https://openalex.org/W4313813117","https://openalex.org/W4382052417","https://openalex.org/W3192088754","https://openalex.org/W4387007686","https://openalex.org/W3084631705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rising":[0],"mental":[1,28],"health":[2,29],"challenges":[3],"among":[4],"postsecondary":[5],"students":[6,90],"have":[7],"increased":[8],"the":[9,18,53,61],"demand":[10],"for":[11,126],"scalable,":[12],"ethical":[13],"solutions.":[14],"This":[15,113],"paper":[16,114],"presents":[17],"design,":[19],"development,":[20],"and":[21,44,64,89,106,120],"safety":[22,42],"evaluation":[23],"of":[24,55,86,100,108],"Luna,":[25],"a":[26,33,80,84],"GPT-4-based":[27],"chatbot.":[30],"Built":[31],"using":[32],"modular":[34],"PHP":[35],"architecture,":[36,117],"Luna":[37],"integrates":[38],"multi-layered":[39],"prompt":[40,118],"engineering,":[41],"guardrails,":[43],"referral":[45],"logic.":[46],"The":[47],"Institutional":[48],"Review":[49],"Board":[50],"(IRB)":[51],"at":[52],"University":[54],"Detroit":[56],"Mercy":[57],"(Protocol":[58],"#23-24-38)":[59],"reviewed":[60],"proposed":[62],"study":[63],"deferred":[65],"full":[66],"human":[67,128],"subject":[68],"approval,":[69],"requesting":[70],"technical":[71],"validation":[72],"prior":[73],"to":[74],"deployment.":[75],"In":[76],"response,":[77],"we":[78],"conducted":[79],"pilot":[81],"test":[82],"with":[83,124],"variety":[85],"users\u2014including":[87],"clinicians":[88],"who":[91],"simulated":[92],"at-risk":[93],"student":[94],"scenarios.":[95],"Results":[96],"indicated":[97],"that":[98],"96%":[99],"expert":[101,121],"interactions":[102],"were":[103,110],"deemed":[104],"safe,":[105],"90.4%":[107],"prompts":[109],"considered":[111],"useful.":[112],"describes":[115],"Luna\u2019s":[116],"strategy,":[119],"feedback,":[122],"concluding":[123],"recommendations":[125],"future":[127],"research":[129],"trials.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}