{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408809836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040120","title":"FraudX AI: An Interpretable Machine Learning Framework for Credit Card Fraud Detection on Imbalanced Datasets","display_name":"FraudX AI: An Interpretable Machine Learning Framework for Credit Card Fraud Detection on Imbalanced Datasets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408809836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14040120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/4/120/pdf?version=1742885036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/4/120/pdf?version=1742885036","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014865033","display_name":"Nazerke Baisholan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-0466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nazerke Baisholan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-0466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048693490","display_name":"J. Eric Dietz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-3824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Eric Dietz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026923377","display_name":"Sergiy Gnatyuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90281761","display_name":"State University \"Kyiv Aviation Institute\"","ror":"https://ror.org/01f74x078","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90281761"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergiy Gnatyuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, State University \u201cKyiv Aviation Institute\u201d, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine","Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, National Aviation University, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, State University \u201cKyiv Aviation Institute\u201d, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90281761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, National Aviation University, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90281761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046228742","display_name":"Mussa Turdalyuly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130577743","display_name":"Narxoz University","ror":"https://ror.org/0523w7v09","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130577743"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mussa Turdalyuly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Technologies, Narxoz University, Almaty 050035, Kazakhstan","Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Technologies, Narxoz University, Almaty 050035, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130577743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, International Engineering and Technological University, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112234198","display_name":"Eric T. Matson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric T. Matson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114465893","display_name":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044b\u0433\u0430\u0448 \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-5998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karlygash Baisholanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-5998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014865033","https://openalex.org/A5046228742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130","https://openalex.org/I3130577743"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":33.0186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99669193,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"120","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-fraud","display_name":"Credit card fraud","score":0.8718918561935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card","display_name":"Credit card","score":0.7548637986183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6492335796356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6318044066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6244451999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.0637194812297821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780747020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83873","display_name":"Credit card fraud","level":4,"score":0.8718918561935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.7548637986183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6492335796356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6318044066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6244451999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0637194812297821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14040120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/4/120/pdf?version=1742885036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6fe20e346c440949f98b771b0879abf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6fe20e346c440949f98b771b0879abf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 120 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers14040120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/14/4/120/pdf?version=1742885036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408809836.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772947247","https://openalex.org/W2945876440","https://openalex.org/W3004689489","https://openalex.org/W3020517851","https://openalex.org/W3025519219","https://openalex.org/W3122007073","https://openalex.org/W3202650633","https://openalex.org/W4205471456","https://openalex.org/W4210887036","https://openalex.org/W4225627404","https://openalex.org/W4246413330","https://openalex.org/W4281482079","https://openalex.org/W4296266687","https://openalex.org/W4302275147","https://openalex.org/W4310736693","https://openalex.org/W4312590949","https://openalex.org/W4313644177","https://openalex.org/W4317233797","https://openalex.org/W4318559683","https://openalex.org/W4389331495","https://openalex.org/W4389633671","https://openalex.org/W4390547231","https://openalex.org/W4398241331","https://openalex.org/W4399343347","https://openalex.org/W4399745463","https://openalex.org/W4400131777","https://openalex.org/W4400524829","https://openalex.org/W4400808276","https://openalex.org/W4401437458","https://openalex.org/W4402584501","https://openalex.org/W4403258229","https://openalex.org/W4403826670","https://openalex.org/W4404013047","https://openalex.org/W4404024016","https://openalex.org/W4405128788","https://openalex.org/W4405363781","https://openalex.org/W4406016296","https://openalex.org/W6802302917","https://openalex.org/W6869639232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2483711049","https://openalex.org/W4224237387","https://openalex.org/W3150316110","https://openalex.org/W4313247660","https://openalex.org/W3153799676","https://openalex.org/W2984276143","https://openalex.org/W4281702918","https://openalex.org/W4391267261","https://openalex.org/W4281858644","https://openalex.org/W4283392145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Credit":[0],"card":[1,73],"fraud":[2,34,173],"detection":[3,63,174],"is":[4],"a":[5,86,189],"critical":[6],"research":[7],"area":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,61,79,111,133],"the":[11,31,70,118],"significant":[12],"financial":[13,196],"losses":[14],"and":[15,40,47,58,91,101,145,167,183,191],"security":[16],"risks":[17],"associated":[18],"with":[19,176],"fraudulent":[20,99],"activities.":[21],"This":[22,125],"study":[23],"presents":[24],"FraudX":[25,42,83,155,170],"AI,":[26],"an":[27,92],"ensemble-based":[28],"framework":[29,66],"addressing":[30,165],"challenges":[32],"in":[33,122],"detection,":[35],"including":[36,142],"imbalanced":[37,181],"datasets,":[38],"interpretability,":[39,187],"scalability.":[41],"AI":[43,84,156,171],"combines":[44],"random":[45],"forest":[46],"XGBoost":[48],"as":[49,148,150],"baseline":[50,140],"models,":[51,141],"integrating":[52],"their":[53],"results":[54],"by":[55,129],"averaging":[56],"probabilities":[57],"optimizing":[59],"thresholds":[60],"improve":[62],"performance.":[64],"The":[65],"was":[67,109],"evaluated":[68],"on":[69,161,180,186],"European":[71],"credit":[72],"dataset,":[74],"maintaining":[75],"its":[76,177,184],"natural":[77],"imbalance":[78],"reflect":[80],"real-world":[81,195],"conditions.":[82],"achieved":[85],"recall":[87],"value":[88],"of":[89,94,120,138],"95%":[90],"AUC-PR":[93],"97%,":[95],"effectively":[96],"detecting":[97],"rare":[98],"transactions":[100],"minimizing":[102],"false":[103],"positives.":[104],"SHAP":[105],"(Shapley":[106],"additive":[107],"explanations)":[108],"applied":[110],"interpret":[112],"model":[113],"predictions,":[114],"providing":[115],"insights":[116],"into":[117],"importance":[119],"features":[121],"driving":[123],"decisions.":[124],"interpretability":[126],"enhances":[127],"usability":[128],"offering":[130,188],"helpful":[131],"information":[132],"domain":[134],"experts.":[135],"Comparative":[136],"evaluations":[137],"eight":[139],"logistic":[143],"regression":[144],"gradient":[146],"boosting,":[147],"well":[149],"existing":[151],"studies,":[152],"showed":[153],"that":[154],"consistently":[157],"outperformed":[158],"these":[159],"approaches":[160],"key":[162],"metrics.":[163],"By":[164],"technical":[166],"practical":[168],"challenges,":[169],"advances":[172],"systems":[175],"robust":[178],"performance":[179],"datasets":[182],"focus":[185],"scalable":[190],"trusted":[192],"solution":[193],"for":[194],"applications.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}