{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405591004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13120346","title":"Identification of Scientific Texts Generated by Large Language Models Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Identification of Scientific Texts Generated by Large Language Models Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405591004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13120346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13120346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13120346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/12/346/pdf?version=1734588403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/12/346/pdf?version=1734588403","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115549527","display_name":"David Soto-Osorio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Soto-Osorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Research Center, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz S/N, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Research Center, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz S/N, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008287867","display_name":"Grigori Sidorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-3522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grigori Sidorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Research Center, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz S/N, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-3522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Research Center, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz S/N, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087217360","display_name":"Liliana Chanona-Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7468-9603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liliana Chanona-Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela Superior de Ingeneria Mecanica y Electrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro, S/N, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela Superior de Ingeneria Mecanica y Electrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro, S/N, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013569970","display_name":"Blanca Cecilia L\u00f3pez Ram\u00edrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-6641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090124","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/00davry38","country_code":"MX","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4405258672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145284","display_name":"Technological Institute of Celaya","ror":"https://ror.org/03tamv273","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145284"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blanca Cecilia L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico/I.T. de Roque, Celaya 38110, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-6641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico/I.T. de Roque, Celaya 38110, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4210145284"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008287867"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.7303,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77243054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"346","last_page":"346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7476053237915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5992799401283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.571631133556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4916890263557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.36217617988586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10465347766876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09650495648384094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7476053237915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5992799401283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.571631133556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4916890263557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.36217617988586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10465347766876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09650495648384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13120346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13120346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/12/346/pdf?version=1734588403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9fcd3c5d0c024fa493dd6ac14cf9b40c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9fcd3c5d0c024fa493dd6ac14cf9b40c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 346 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13120346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13120346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/12/346/pdf?version=1734588403","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3488607286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1-S-47854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6958583472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1-S-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321694","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405591004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405591004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2896457183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,103,128,146],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,27,137],"tools":[5],"that":[6,112],"help":[7],"us":[8],"in":[9,46,71],"a":[10,61,68,88],"variety":[11],"of":[12,119,134,179,182],"activities,":[13],"from":[14,126],"creating":[15],"well-structured":[16],"texts":[17,92,111,141],"to":[18,86,90,109,129,138,175],"quickly":[19],"consulting":[20],"information.":[21],"But":[22],"as":[23],"these":[24],"new":[25],"technologies":[26],"so":[28],"easily":[29],"accessible,":[30],"many":[31],"people":[32],"use":[33,101],"them":[34],"for":[35,60,149,157],"their":[36,75],"own":[37],"benefit":[38],"without":[39],"properly":[40],"citing":[41],"the":[42,49,140,144,158,162,177,183],"original":[43],"author,":[44],"or":[45,124],"other":[47],"cases":[48],"student":[50],"sector":[51],"can":[52],"be":[53],"heavily":[54],"compromised":[55],"because":[56],"students":[57],"may":[58],"opt":[59],"quick":[62],"answer":[63],"over":[64],"understanding":[65],"and":[66,79,106,148,166,172],"comprehending":[67],"specific":[69],"topic":[70],"depth,":[72],"considerably":[73],"reducing":[74],"basic":[76],"writing,":[77],"editing":[78],"reading":[80],"comprehension":[81],"skills.":[82],"Therefore,":[83],"we":[84,99],"propose":[85],"create":[87],"model":[89],"identify":[91,139],"produced":[93],"by":[94,143],"LLM.":[95],"To":[96],"do":[97],"so,":[98],"will":[100],"natural":[102],"processing":[104],"(NLP)":[105],"machine-learning":[107],"algorithms":[108],"recognize":[110],"mask":[113],"LLM":[114],"misuse":[115],"using":[116],"different":[117],"types":[118],"adversarial":[120],"attack,":[121],"like":[122],"paraphrasing":[123],"translation":[125],"one":[127,181],"another.":[130],"The":[131],"main":[132],"contributions":[133],"this":[135,150],"work":[136],"generated":[142],"large":[145],"models,":[147],"purpose":[151],"several":[152],"experiments":[153],"were":[154],"developed":[155],"looking":[156],"best":[159],"results":[160],"implementing":[161],"f1,":[163],"accuracy,":[164],"recall":[165],"precision":[167],"metrics,":[168],"together":[169],"with":[170],"PCA":[171],"t-SNE":[173],"diagrams":[174],"see":[176],"classification":[178],"each":[180],"texts.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}