{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404503586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13110300","title":"DiscHAR: A Discrete Approach to Enhance Human Activity Recognition in Cyber Physical Systems: Smart Homes","display_name":"DiscHAR: A Discrete Approach to Enhance Human Activity Recognition in Cyber Physical Systems: Smart Homes","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404503586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13110300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13110300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13110300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/11/300/pdf?version=1732003745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/11/300/pdf?version=1732003745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052284717","display_name":"I. Fatima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0451-989X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishrat Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067561067","display_name":"Asma Ahmad Farhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4267-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Ahmad Farhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009441655","display_name":"Maria Tamoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I264385032","display_name":"Forman Christian College","ror":"https://ror.org/04v893f23","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I264385032"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Tamoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Forman Christian College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Forman Christian College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I264385032"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049668434","display_name":"Shafiq Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2677-0108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shafiq ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013334584","display_name":"Hisham Alhulayyil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Abdulrahman Alhulayyil","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006803067","display_name":"Faisal Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0580-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fawaz Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006803067","https://openalex.org/A5049668434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556","https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.5073,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67052758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"300","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9598000049591064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7202886939048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5099927186965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.4523247182369232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41862958669662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38846510648727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28916582465171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09814342856407166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7202886939048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5099927186965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.4523247182369232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41862958669662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38846510648727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28916582465171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09814342856407166}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13110300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13110300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/11/300/pdf?version=1732003745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7877e0c04c764b28abb2eae278cbe1ef","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7877e0c04c764b28abb2eae278cbe1ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 300 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13110300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13110300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/11/300/pdf?version=1732003745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325415","display_name":"Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404503586.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404503586.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2054780155","https://openalex.org/W2073401630","https://openalex.org/W2126511896","https://openalex.org/W2926525016","https://openalex.org/W3133590696","https://openalex.org/W3161500668","https://openalex.org/W3162602085","https://openalex.org/W3186799104","https://openalex.org/W3209735728","https://openalex.org/W4200317051","https://openalex.org/W4206780588","https://openalex.org/W4280628094","https://openalex.org/W4285022937","https://openalex.org/W4285744644","https://openalex.org/W4293554011","https://openalex.org/W4294805216","https://openalex.org/W4296558744","https://openalex.org/W4321457716","https://openalex.org/W4366249647","https://openalex.org/W4372349107","https://openalex.org/W4378464606","https://openalex.org/W4381746737","https://openalex.org/W4381746838","https://openalex.org/W4383557812","https://openalex.org/W4386075606","https://openalex.org/W4386076211","https://openalex.org/W4387096227","https://openalex.org/W4387321395","https://openalex.org/W4390488752","https://openalex.org/W4391846608","https://openalex.org/W4394866263","https://openalex.org/W4399202664","https://openalex.org/W4399740865","https://openalex.org/W6795297288","https://openalex.org/W6842702491","https://openalex.org/W6888962972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W3195649134","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2546638913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129],"main":[1],"challenges":[2,201],"in":[3,28,184,202,216],"smart":[4],"home":[5],"systems":[6,9,215],"and":[7,16,81,101,117,138,156,174,196,210],"cyber-physical":[8],"come":[10],"from":[11],"not":[12],"having":[13],"enough":[14],"data":[15,61,80,106],"unclear":[17],"interpretation;":[18],"thus,":[19],"there":[20],"is":[21,57],"still":[22],"a":[23,36,141],"lot":[24],"to":[25,49,58,62,113,144,198,206],"be":[26],"done":[27],"this":[29,32,203],"field.":[30],"In":[31],"work,":[33],"we":[34,78,122],"propose":[35],"practical":[37],"approach":[38,104,162],"called":[39],"Discrete":[40],"Human":[41,51],"Activity":[42,52],"Recognition":[43,53],"(DiscHAR)":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46,152],"prior":[47],"research":[48],"enhance":[50],"(HAR).":[54],"Our":[55,90,192],"goal":[56],"generate":[59,79],"diverse":[60],"build":[63],"better":[64],"models":[65],"for":[66,99,105,169,172,176],"activity":[67,213],"classification.":[68],"To":[69],"tackle":[70],"overfitting,":[71],"which":[72],"often":[73],"occurs":[74],"with":[75],"small":[76],"datasets,":[77],"convert":[82],"them":[83],"into":[84,134,140],"discrete":[85,130],"forms,":[86],"improving":[87],"classification":[88],"accuracy.":[89],"methodology":[91],"includes":[92],"advanced":[93],"techniques":[94],"like":[95],"the":[96,102,115,119,124,153,181,208],"R-Frame":[97],"method":[98],"sampling":[100],"Mixed-up":[103],"generation.":[107],"We":[108],"apply":[109],"K-means":[110],"vector":[111],"quantization":[112],"categorize":[114],"data,":[116],"through":[118],"elbow":[120],"method,":[121],"determine":[123],"optimal":[125],"number":[126],"of":[127,148,212],"clusters.":[128],"sequences":[131],"are":[132],"converted":[133],"one-hot":[135],"encoded":[136],"vectors":[137],"fed":[139],"CNN":[142],"model":[143],"ensure":[145],"precise":[146],"recognition":[147,214],"human":[149],"activities.":[150],"Evaluations":[151],"OPP79,":[154,170],"PAMAP2,":[155,173],"WISDM":[157],"datasets":[158],"show":[159],"that":[160],"our":[161],"outperforms":[163],"existing":[164],"models,":[165],"achieving":[166],"89%":[167],"accuracy":[168],"93.24%":[171],"100%":[175],"WISDM.":[177],"These":[178],"results":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"model\u2019s":[182],"effectiveness":[183],"identifying":[185],"complex":[186],"activities":[187],"captured":[188],"by":[189],"wearable":[190],"devices.":[191],"work":[193],"combines":[194],"theory":[195],"practice":[197],"address":[199],"ongoing":[200],"field,":[204],"aiming":[205],"improve":[207],"reliability":[209],"performance":[211],"dynamic":[217],"environments.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
