{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402819936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090232","title":"Leveraging Large Language Models with Chain-of-Thought and Prompt Engineering for Traffic Crash Severity Analysis and Inference","display_name":"Leveraging Large Language Models with Chain-of-Thought and Prompt Engineering for Traffic Crash Severity Analysis and Inference","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402819936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/232/pdf?version=1726302643","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/232/pdf?version=1726302643","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113554024","display_name":"Zhen Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016550690","display_name":"Yucheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-5363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114223909","display_name":"Yongcan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongcan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041740157","display_name":"Jidong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-6322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jidong J. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007489034","display_name":"Ninghao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041740157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.9237,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96766744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"232","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.7315014004707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6581345200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.551330029964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4149629771709442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39803576469421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28501930832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2279781997203827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.7315014004707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6581345200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.551330029964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4149629771709442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39803576469421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28501930832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2279781997203827}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/232/pdf?version=1726302643","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66eb844c5f9644ca87b7bce21f0d513a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66eb844c5f9644ca87b7bce21f0d513a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 232 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090232","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/232/pdf?version=1726302643","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402819936.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402819936.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991250398","https://openalex.org/W2101391093","https://openalex.org/W2106220766","https://openalex.org/W2132735659","https://openalex.org/W2753048242","https://openalex.org/W2931789502","https://openalex.org/W3000998105","https://openalex.org/W3021114543","https://openalex.org/W3128326203","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4281557260","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4295126643","https://openalex.org/W4296218594","https://openalex.org/W4389523957","https://openalex.org/W4392637287","https://openalex.org/W4401042295","https://openalex.org/W6761528492","https://openalex.org/W6772901213","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6838865847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W626940945","https://openalex.org/W2040826996","https://openalex.org/W375763875","https://openalex.org/W2111579573","https://openalex.org/W120748129","https://openalex.org/W2061344455","https://openalex.org/W2744235150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Harnessing":[0],"the":[1,11,60,64,70,76,98,107,118,122,132,156],"power":[2],"of":[3,13,78,109],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs),":[7],"this":[8],"study":[9,73],"explores":[10],"use":[12],"three":[14],"state-of-the-art":[15],"LLMs,":[16],"specifically":[17,81],"GPT-3.5-turbo,":[18],"LLaMA3-8B,":[19],"and":[20,26,67,111,115,141,151,178,184],"LLaMA3-70B,":[21],"for":[22,83],"crash":[23,41,65,84,92,102],"severity":[24,85,93,103,182],"analysis":[25,183],"inference,":[27],"framing":[28],"it":[29],"as":[30,173],"a":[31,45],"classification":[32],"task.":[33],"We":[34],"generate":[35],"textual":[36],"narratives":[37],"from":[38],"original":[39],"traffic":[40],"tabular":[42],"data":[43],"using":[44],"pre-built":[46],"template":[47],"infused":[48],"with":[49,91,121],"domain":[50],"knowledge.":[51],"Additionally,":[52],"we":[53],"incorporated":[54],"Chain-of-Thought":[55],"(CoT)":[56],"reasoning":[57,119,150,163],"to":[58,168],"guide":[59],"LLMs":[61,88],"in":[62,101,136,181],"analyzing":[63],"causes":[66],"then":[68],"inferring":[69],"severity.":[71],"This":[72],"also":[74],"examine":[75,117],"impact":[77],"prompt":[79,113],"engineering":[80],"designed":[82],"inference.":[86,185],"The":[87,139],"were":[89],"tasked":[90],"inference":[94],"to:":[95],"(1)":[96],"evaluate":[97],"models\u2019":[99],"capabilities":[100],"analysis,":[104],"(2)":[105],"assess":[106],"effectiveness":[108],"CoT":[110,123,140,157],"domain-informed":[112],"engineering,":[114],"(3)":[116],"abilities":[120],"framework.":[124],"Our":[125],"results":[126],"showed":[127],"that":[128],"LLaMA3-70B":[129],"consistently":[130],"outperformed":[131],"other":[133],"models,":[134],"particularly":[135],"zero-shot":[137],"settings.":[138],"Prompt":[142],"Engineering":[143],"techniques":[144],"significantly":[145],"enhanced":[146],"performance,":[147],"improving":[148],"logical":[149],"addressing":[152],"alignment":[153],"issues.":[154],"Notably,":[155],"offers":[158],"valuable":[159],"insights":[160],"into":[161],"LLMs\u2019":[162],"process,":[164],"unleashing":[165],"their":[166],"capacity":[167],"consider":[169],"diverse":[170],"factors":[171],"such":[172],"environmental":[174],"conditions,":[175],"driver":[176],"behavior,":[177],"vehicle":[179],"characteristics":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
