{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402494816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090229","title":"Deep Learning for Predicting Attrition Rate in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Institutions","display_name":"Deep Learning for Predicting Attrition Rate in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Institutions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402494816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/229/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/229/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043442549","display_name":"Juliana Ngozi Ndunagu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-1398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52605992","display_name":"National Open University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/009tveq15","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Ngozi Ndunagu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007021582","display_name":"David Opeoluwa Oyewola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-8764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148832","display_name":"Federal University Kashere","ror":"https://ror.org/0470nf974","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148832"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Opeoluwa Oyewola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, PMB 0182, Gombe 760001, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, PMB 0182, Gombe 760001, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107164112","display_name":"Farida Shehu Garki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-2391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52605992","display_name":"National Open University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/009tveq15","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farida Shehu Garki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052595089","display_name":"Jude Chukwuma Onyeakazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5031-4970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16443873","display_name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzf9508","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jude Chukwuma Onyeakazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Directorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri 460114, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Directorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri 460114, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16443873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040131212","display_name":"Christiana Uchenna Ezeanya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2510-5966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52605992","display_name":"National Open University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/009tveq15","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christiana Uchenna Ezeanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Plot 91, Abuja 900108, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019468571","display_name":"Elochukwu Ukwandu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-4438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elochukwu Ukwandu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 200 Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 200 Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043442549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.1329,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9040728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"229","last_page":"229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"Distance education","score":0.7799636125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attrition","display_name":"Attrition","score":0.7393823862075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4861266613006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4277122914791107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22363924980163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.1843026876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1124197244644165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.7799636125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780553607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684868","display_name":"Attrition","level":2,"score":0.7393823862075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4861266613006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4277122914791107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22363924980163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1843026876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1124197244644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/229/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abe9b1fc86b14cafaa156efe372e616f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abe9b1fc86b14cafaa156efe372e616f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 229 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13090229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/9/229/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402494816.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402494816.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2791021147","https://openalex.org/W2793990110","https://openalex.org/W2895859220","https://openalex.org/W2906445487","https://openalex.org/W2917014261","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2940800899","https://openalex.org/W2943991646","https://openalex.org/W2947411064","https://openalex.org/W2964639965","https://openalex.org/W2966252549","https://openalex.org/W2980891379","https://openalex.org/W2981466145","https://openalex.org/W3003555941","https://openalex.org/W3010859569","https://openalex.org/W3017229010","https://openalex.org/W3026396140","https://openalex.org/W3033881356","https://openalex.org/W3035383124","https://openalex.org/W3038433657","https://openalex.org/W3038691019","https://openalex.org/W3039518923","https://openalex.org/W3042743974","https://openalex.org/W3082968029","https://openalex.org/W3091847065","https://openalex.org/W3100486870","https://openalex.org/W3114468063","https://openalex.org/W3155681579","https://openalex.org/W3163448876","https://openalex.org/W3175302149","https://openalex.org/W3181865912","https://openalex.org/W3197217317","https://openalex.org/W3202206751","https://openalex.org/W3205269796","https://openalex.org/W3205451405","https://openalex.org/W3210186624","https://openalex.org/W4225724205","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4281770829","https://openalex.org/W4289865934","https://openalex.org/W4296420817","https://openalex.org/W4299518610","https://openalex.org/W4304188179","https://openalex.org/W4313434948","https://openalex.org/W4361306875","https://openalex.org/W4366988472","https://openalex.org/W4378194920","https://openalex.org/W4386739651","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6774706754","https://openalex.org/W6782737045","https://openalex.org/W6841508455","https://openalex.org/W6849027103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1969175355","https://openalex.org/W2007101045","https://openalex.org/W2056472298","https://openalex.org/W4389273703","https://openalex.org/W2586909830","https://openalex.org/W4231153204","https://openalex.org/W2775846538","https://openalex.org/W2116688168"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Student":[0],"enrollment":[1],"is":[2,35,43,56],"a":[3,69,165],"vital":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,77,132,143,156],"educational":[7,53],"institutions,":[8],"encompassing":[9],"active,":[10],"registered":[11],"and":[12,28,49,55,60,100,118],"graduate":[13],"students.":[14],"All":[15],"the":[16,32,46,66,73,95,112,123,137,146,150,159,172],"same,":[17],"some":[18],"students":[19,89],"fail":[20],"to":[21,82,171],"engage":[22],"with":[23,122],"their":[24,120],"studies":[25],"after":[26],"admission":[27],"drop":[29],"out":[30],"along":[31],"line;":[33],"this":[34,64,133],"known":[36],"as":[37,45,111],"attrition.":[38],"The":[39,104,130,162],"student":[40],"attrition":[41],"rate":[42,169],"acknowledged":[44],"most":[47],"complicated":[48],"significant":[50],"problem":[51],"facing":[52],"systems":[54],"caused":[57],"by":[58],"institutional":[59],"non-institutional":[61],"challenges.":[62],"In":[63],"study,":[65],"researchers":[67,105],"utilized":[68],"dataset":[70],"obtained":[71],"from":[72,80],"National":[74],"Open":[75],"University":[76],"Nigeria":[78],"(NOUN)":[79],"2012":[81],"2022,":[83],"which":[84],"included":[85],"comprehensive":[86],"information":[87],"about":[88],"enrolled":[90],"in":[91],"various":[92],"programs":[93],"at":[94],"university":[96],"who":[97],"were":[98],"inactive":[99],"had":[101],"dropped":[102],"out.":[103],"used":[106],"deep":[107],"learning":[108],"techniques,":[109],"such":[110],"Long":[113],"Short-Term":[114],"Memory":[115],"(LSTM)":[116],"model":[117,139,152],"compared":[119,170],"performance":[121],"One-Dimensional":[124],"Convolutional":[125],"Neural":[126],"Network":[127],"(1DCNN)":[128],"model.":[129,174],"results":[131],"study":[134],"revealed":[135],"that":[136],"LSTM":[138,163],"achieved":[140],"overall":[141],"accuracy":[142,155],"57.29%":[144],"on":[145,158],"training":[147,160],"data,":[148],"while":[149],"1DCNN":[151,173],"exhibited":[153],"lower":[154],"49.91%":[157],"data.":[161],"indicated":[164],"superior":[166],"correct":[167],"classification":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}