{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398206401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13060126","title":"An Improved Ensemble-Based Cardiovascular Disease Detection System with Chi-Square Feature Selection","display_name":"An Improved Ensemble-Based Cardiovascular Disease Detection System with Chi-Square Feature Selection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398206401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13060126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13060126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13060126","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/6/126/pdf?version=1716378836","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/6/126/pdf?version=1716378836","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008141433","display_name":"Ayad E. Korial","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-0762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayad E. Korial","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022212309","display_name":"Ivan Isho Gorial","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-6952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Isho Gorial","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016153721","display_name":"Amjad J. Humaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-1329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amjad J. Humaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016153721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":28.2812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99602395,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"126","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.8192999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.8192999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7526417970657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5516258478164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5334653258323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5160140991210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.498568058013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.495889276266098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4728047251701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square","display_name":"Square (algebra)","score":0.45148757100105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chi-square-test","display_name":"Chi-square test","score":0.44023260474205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29201334714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2879163920879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2538676857948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.15769797563552856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7526417970657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5516258478164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5334653258323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5160140991210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.498568058013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.495889276266098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4728047251701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.45148757100105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32809988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071004","display_name":"Chi-square test","level":2,"score":0.44023260474205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29201334714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2879163920879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2538676857948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.15769797563552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13060126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13060126","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/6/126/pdf?version=1716378836","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e77c56c14c1a4cf280c15c8e0032d4a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e77c56c14c1a4cf280c15c8e0032d4a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 126 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13060126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13060126","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/6/126/pdf?version=1716378836","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398206401.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062427398","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109293916","https://openalex.org/W2781924583","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2800002784","https://openalex.org/W2905016705","https://openalex.org/W2909743640","https://openalex.org/W2920805549","https://openalex.org/W2927702411","https://openalex.org/W2954368032","https://openalex.org/W2954788759","https://openalex.org/W2969345138","https://openalex.org/W3013783227","https://openalex.org/W3013930126","https://openalex.org/W3014253013","https://openalex.org/W3014308466","https://openalex.org/W3018828627","https://openalex.org/W3098971646","https://openalex.org/W3108111691","https://openalex.org/W3108597174","https://openalex.org/W3128871205","https://openalex.org/W3156277407","https://openalex.org/W3185231458","https://openalex.org/W3194905393","https://openalex.org/W3196614229","https://openalex.org/W3198782970","https://openalex.org/W3202388652","https://openalex.org/W4214611845","https://openalex.org/W4226245662","https://openalex.org/W4250833242","https://openalex.org/W4251428881","https://openalex.org/W4280492951","https://openalex.org/W4281634075","https://openalex.org/W4285187956","https://openalex.org/W4288043967","https://openalex.org/W4292168379","https://openalex.org/W4293069612","https://openalex.org/W4295309687","https://openalex.org/W4323341780","https://openalex.org/W4323527202","https://openalex.org/W4366988472","https://openalex.org/W4376956857","https://openalex.org/W4378908532","https://openalex.org/W4381661674","https://openalex.org/W4382138597","https://openalex.org/W4386394455","https://openalex.org/W4386963568","https://openalex.org/W4387422374","https://openalex.org/W4388111057","https://openalex.org/W4388913141","https://openalex.org/W4389833619","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6761376075","https://openalex.org/W6775786948","https://openalex.org/W6786565392","https://openalex.org/W6840939035","https://openalex.org/W6843824648","https://openalex.org/W6850497152","https://openalex.org/W6856760105","https://openalex.org/W6859898074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3102623159","https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W2535856026","https://openalex.org/W2265065644","https://openalex.org/W2366911843","https://openalex.org/W2350577681","https://openalex.org/W4386564352","https://openalex.org/W2952668426","https://openalex.org/W3021220478","https://openalex.org/W5884457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiovascular":[0],"disease":[1,34,132],"(CVD)":[2],"is":[3,15],"a":[4,39,102,169,193],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,13,147,172,178,202],"death":[8],"globally;":[9],"therefore,":[10],"early":[11],"detection":[12],"CVD":[14,49,203],"crucial.":[16],"Many":[17],"intelligent":[18],"technologies,":[19],"including":[20,58,75],"deep":[21],"learning":[22,25],"and":[23,66,82,151,195],"machine":[24],"(ML),":[26],"are":[27],"being":[28],"integrated":[29],"into":[30],"healthcare":[31],"systems":[32],"for":[33],"prediction.":[35,204],"This":[36,141],"paper":[37],"uses":[38],"voting":[40,103,165],"ensemble":[41,91,149,166,190],"ML":[42,56,99],"with":[43],"chi-square":[44,116],"feature":[45,117],"selection":[46,118],"to":[47,120,134,198],"detect":[48],"early.":[50],"Our":[51],"approach":[52,142,197],"involved":[53],"applying":[54],"multiple":[55],"classifiers,":[57],"na\u00efve":[59],"Bayes,":[60],"random":[61],"forest,":[62],"logistic":[63],"regression":[64],"(LR),":[65],"k-nearest":[67],"neighbor.":[68],"These":[69,186],"classifiers":[70,100],"were":[71],"evaluated":[72],"through":[73,101],"metrics":[74],"accuracy,":[76],"specificity,":[77],"sensitivity,":[78],"F1-score,":[79],"confusion":[80],"matrix,":[81],"area":[83],"under":[84],"the":[85,97,121,129,136,144,153,181,189,200],"curve":[86],"(AUC).":[87],"We":[88],"created":[89],"an":[90,175],"model":[92,150,167],"by":[93,157],"combining":[94],"predictions":[95],"from":[96],"different":[98],"mechanism,":[104],"whose":[105],"performance":[106],"was":[107],"then":[108],"measured":[109],"against":[110],"individual":[111],"classifiers.":[112],"Furthermore,":[113],"we":[114],"applied":[115],"method":[119,191],"303":[122],"records":[123],"across":[124],"13":[125],"clinical":[126],"features":[127],"in":[128],"Cleveland":[130],"cardiac":[131],"dataset":[133],"identify":[135],"5":[137],"most":[138],"important":[139],"features.":[140],"improved":[143],"overall":[145],"accuracy":[146,171,201],"our":[148,164],"reduced":[152],"computational":[154],"load":[155],"considerably":[156],"more":[158],"than":[159],"50%.":[160],"Demonstrating":[161],"superior":[162],"effectiveness,":[163],"achieved":[168],"remarkable":[170],"92.11%,":[173],"representing":[174],"average":[176],"improvement":[177],"2.95%":[179],"over":[180],"single":[182],"highest":[183],"classifier":[184],"(LR).":[185],"results":[187],"indicate":[188],"as":[192],"viable":[194],"practical":[196],"improve":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}