{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395000257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040106","title":"Cognitive Classifier of Hand Gesture Images for Automated Sign Language Recognition: Soft Robot Assistance Based on Neutrosophic Markov Chain Paradigm","display_name":"Cognitive Classifier of Hand Gesture Images for Automated Sign Language Recognition: Soft Robot Assistance Based on Neutrosophic Markov Chain Paradigm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395000257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/106/pdf?version=1713783451","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/106/pdf?version=1713783451","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093004396","display_name":"Muslem Al-Saidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-9087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83579964","display_name":"Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University","ror":"https://ror.org/04091f946","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muslem Al-Saidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary","Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024139797","display_name":"\u00c1ron Ballagi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5458-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83579964","display_name":"Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University","ror":"https://ror.org/04091f946","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ron Ballagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043594209","display_name":"Oday Ali Hassen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39498419","display_name":"University of Wasit","ror":"https://ror.org/02ee2t316","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39498419"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oday Ali Hassen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Wasit Education Directorate, Kut 52001, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Wasit Education Directorate, Kut 52001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39498419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107999078","display_name":"Saad M. Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1829-4168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107613613","display_name":"Information Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ynw2g14","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107613613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146977602","display_name":"Pharos University in Alexandria","ror":"https://ror.org/04cgmbd24","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146977602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad M. Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Beside Green Plaza, Alexandria 21648, Egypt","Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Beside Green Plaza, Alexandria 21648, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146977602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832","https://openalex.org/I107613613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024139797","https://openalex.org/A5093004396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83579964"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.9417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85123279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"106","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.7775653600692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.7660318613052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6182432770729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6128026247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5909262895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5823177695274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.5314608812332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5018472671508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.45858287811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.436943918466568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4367412328720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.4340946078300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.40773430466651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39020419120788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3522934019565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.20370659232139587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16022610664367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1394897997379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1365911364555359}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.7775653600692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.7660318613052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6182432770729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6128026247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5909262895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5823177695274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.5314608812332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5018472671508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.45858287811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.436943918466568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4367412328720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4340946078300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.40773430466651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39020419120788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3522934019565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.20370659232139587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16022610664367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1394897997379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1365911364555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/106/pdf?version=1713783451","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7230f2e30b914c279e5cb6c49af17fac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7230f2e30b914c279e5cb6c49af17fac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 106 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/106/pdf?version=1713783451","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395000257.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613983860","https://openalex.org/W3032517503","https://openalex.org/W3044285175","https://openalex.org/W3108735224","https://openalex.org/W3110015392","https://openalex.org/W3143044642","https://openalex.org/W3194553369","https://openalex.org/W3200593774","https://openalex.org/W4200078653","https://openalex.org/W4206819766","https://openalex.org/W4210888871","https://openalex.org/W4210912956","https://openalex.org/W4214692162","https://openalex.org/W4220823538","https://openalex.org/W4225294405","https://openalex.org/W4281632532","https://openalex.org/W4281787679","https://openalex.org/W4285297725","https://openalex.org/W4292438777","https://openalex.org/W4292821594","https://openalex.org/W4294214764","https://openalex.org/W4294935411","https://openalex.org/W4297370330","https://openalex.org/W4297988973","https://openalex.org/W4297999603","https://openalex.org/W4304944821","https://openalex.org/W4309582192","https://openalex.org/W4313043809","https://openalex.org/W4313389291","https://openalex.org/W4313413501","https://openalex.org/W4313503779","https://openalex.org/W4313682139","https://openalex.org/W4313855621","https://openalex.org/W4318200332","https://openalex.org/W4319296652","https://openalex.org/W4319872638","https://openalex.org/W4322740421","https://openalex.org/W4328090472","https://openalex.org/W4361215332","https://openalex.org/W4362544956","https://openalex.org/W4364322627","https://openalex.org/W4366286166","https://openalex.org/W4366536537","https://openalex.org/W4378078400","https://openalex.org/W4380187335","https://openalex.org/W4380840047","https://openalex.org/W4381685850","https://openalex.org/W4381848651","https://openalex.org/W4383502947","https://openalex.org/W4383752999","https://openalex.org/W4384822009","https://openalex.org/W4384914207","https://openalex.org/W4385375436","https://openalex.org/W4386285324","https://openalex.org/W4386303378","https://openalex.org/W4386536161","https://openalex.org/W4386738293","https://openalex.org/W4386933640","https://openalex.org/W4387767239","https://openalex.org/W4387844301","https://openalex.org/W4389751234","https://openalex.org/W4389777570","https://openalex.org/W4390189731","https://openalex.org/W6838753517","https://openalex.org/W6853239573","https://openalex.org/W6854320334","https://openalex.org/W6855449083","https://openalex.org/W6855762915","https://openalex.org/W6856588207","https://openalex.org/W6856913036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308478915","https://openalex.org/W4389049376","https://openalex.org/W1986488374","https://openalex.org/W3040456104","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W2028966255","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2026258298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,79,219],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Sign":[3],"Language":[4],"Recognition":[5],"(SLR)":[6],"has":[7,255],"become":[8],"an":[9,90,208],"additional":[10],"topic":[11],"of":[12,43,69,92,115,177,196,225],"discussion":[13],"in":[14,72,84,126,133],"the":[15,66,70,93,111,150,157,173,216,226,242,251],"human\u2013computer":[16],"interface":[17],"(HCI)":[18],"field.":[19],"The":[20,121,183,237],"most":[21],"significant":[22],"difficulty":[23],"confronting":[24],"SLR":[25,57,136],"recognition":[26],"is":[27,106,164,168,245,260],"finding":[28],"algorithms":[29],"that":[30,146,241],"will":[31],"scale":[32],"effectively":[33],"with":[34,75,131],"a":[35,40,134,256],"growing":[36],"vocabulary":[37,210],"size":[38],"and":[39,113,175,190,211,259],"limited":[41],"supply":[42],"training":[44],"data":[45,230],"for":[46,198,207],"signer-independent":[47],"applications.":[48],"Due":[49],"to":[50,53,81,99,129,214,263],"its":[51],"sensitivity":[52],"shape":[54],"information,":[55],"automated":[56],"based":[58],"on":[59],"hidden":[60,152],"Markov":[61,153],"models":[62],"(HMMs)":[63],"cannot":[64,142],"characterize":[65],"confusing":[67],"distributions":[68],"observations":[71],"gesture":[73,264],"features":[74],"sufficiently":[76],"precise":[77],"parameters.":[78],"order":[80],"simulate":[82],"uncertainty":[83,112,174],"hypothesis":[85],"spaces,":[86],"many":[87],"scholars":[88],"provide":[89,193],"extension":[91],"HMMs,":[94],"utilizing":[95],"higher-order":[96],"fuzzy":[97,102,140,252],"sets":[98,123],"generate":[100],"interval-type-2":[101,139],"HMMs.":[103],"This":[104,166,202],"expansion":[105,167],"helpful":[107,169,206],"because":[108,170],"it":[109,171,221],"brings":[110,172],"fuzziness":[114,176],"conventional":[116,178],"HMM":[117,179,244,253],"mapping":[118,180],"under":[119,181],"control.":[120,182],"neutrosophic":[122,151,184,243],"are":[124],"used":[125],"this":[127],"work":[128],"deal":[130],"indeterminacy":[132],"practical":[135],"setting.":[137],"Existing":[138],"HMMs":[141],"consider":[143],"uncertain":[144],"information":[145],"includes":[147],"indeterminacy.":[148],"However,":[149],"model":[154],"successfully":[155],"identifies":[156],"best":[158],"route":[159],"between":[160],"states":[161],"when":[162],"there":[163],"vagueness.":[165],"three":[185],"membership":[186],"functions":[187],"(truth,":[188],"indeterminate,":[189],"falsity":[191],"grades)":[192],"more":[194,261],"layers":[195],"autonomy":[197],"assessing":[199],"HMM\u2019s":[200],"uncertainty.":[201],"approach":[203],"could":[204],"be":[205],"extensive":[209],"hence":[212],"seeks":[213],"solve":[215],"scalability":[217],"issue.":[218],"addition,":[220],"may":[222],"function":[223],"independently":[224],"signer,":[227],"without":[228],"needing":[229],"gloves":[231],"or":[232],"any":[233],"other":[234],"input":[235],"devices.":[236],"experimental":[238],"results":[239],"demonstrate":[240],"nearly":[246],"as":[247,250],"computationally":[248],"difficult":[249],"but":[254],"similar":[257],"performance":[258],"robust":[262],"variations.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-01-26T23:06:41.788003","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}