{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394612006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040094","title":"Toward Optimal Virtualization: An Updated Comparative Analysis of Docker and LXD Container Technologies","display_name":"Toward Optimal Virtualization: An Updated Comparative Analysis of Docker and LXD Container Technologies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394612006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/94/pdf?version=1712643681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/94/pdf?version=1712643681","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343126","display_name":"Daniel Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1132-0954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144926016","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco","ror":"https://ror.org/004s18446","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108135797","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Rafael","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144926016","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco","ror":"https://ror.org/004s18446","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Rafael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047934649","display_name":"Alexandre Fonte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1524-891X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144926016","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco","ror":"https://ror.org/004s18446","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Fonte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100343126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.4234,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88935436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"94","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.8254180550575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.7991964817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5362744927406311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5280937552452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.25497084856033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19722980260849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.8254180550575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.7991964817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5362744927406311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5280937552452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.25497084856033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19722980260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/94/pdf?version=1712643681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.ipcb.pt:10400.11/9148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.11/9148","pdf_url":"https://repositorio.ipcb.pt/bitstream/10400.11/9148/1/computers-13-00094.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401969","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio Cient\u00edfico do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco (Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I144926016","host_organization_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144926016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d190a5641e8948b1a8f359be6ab05272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d190a5641e8948b1a8f359be6ab05272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 94 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13040094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/4/94/pdf?version=1712643681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394612006.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W2062866329","https://openalex.org/W2072916763","https://openalex.org/W2149886445","https://openalex.org/W2552280766","https://openalex.org/W2573613996","https://openalex.org/W2608907896","https://openalex.org/W2794559090","https://openalex.org/W2889205290","https://openalex.org/W2904457969","https://openalex.org/W2995464722","https://openalex.org/W3001760383","https://openalex.org/W3003251750","https://openalex.org/W3152632047","https://openalex.org/W3196168292","https://openalex.org/W4224064128","https://openalex.org/W4226043146","https://openalex.org/W4307407911","https://openalex.org/W4312045675","https://openalex.org/W4380738344","https://openalex.org/W4383333619","https://openalex.org/W6729973863","https://openalex.org/W6754257187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973516247","https://openalex.org/W2271326670","https://openalex.org/W2552925293","https://openalex.org/W1478590381","https://openalex.org/W3074768883","https://openalex.org/W1996880143","https://openalex.org/W2384916795","https://openalex.org/W1039201998","https://openalex.org/W2779209348","https://openalex.org/W2594055038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"hypervisor-assisted":[1],"virtualization":[2,6,58,166],"is":[3,51,102],"a":[4,48,52,171],"leading":[5],"technology":[7],"in":[8,81],"data":[9],"centers,":[10],"providing":[11],"cost":[12],"savings":[13],"(CapEx":[14],"and":[15,19,29,54,92,123,129,146,156,163,178,185,190],"OpEx),":[16],"high":[17],"availability,":[18],"disaster":[20],"recovery.":[21],"However,":[22],"its":[23],"inherent":[24],"overhead":[25,189],"may":[26],"hinder":[27],"performance":[28,133,162,177,200],"seems":[30],"not":[31],"scale":[32],"or":[33],"be":[34],"flexible":[35],"enough":[36],"for":[37,104],"certain":[38],"applications,":[39],"such":[40,150],"as":[41,65,151],"microservices,":[42],"where":[43],"deploying":[44],"an":[45,66,131],"application":[46],"using":[47],"virtual":[49],"machine":[50],"longer":[53],"resource-intensive":[55],"process.":[56],"Container-based":[57],"has":[59,77],"received":[60],"attention,":[61],"especially":[62],"with":[63,187,198],"Docker,":[64],"alternative,":[67],"which":[68,85,108],"also":[69],"facilitates":[70],"continuous":[71],"integration/continuous":[72],"deployment":[73],"(CI/CD).":[74],"Meanwhile,":[75],"LXD":[76,194],"reactivated":[78],"the":[79,121,179],"interest":[80],"Linux":[82],"LXC":[83],"containers,":[84,119],"provides":[86,130],"unique":[87],"operations,":[88],"including":[89],"live":[90],"migration":[91],"full":[93],"OS":[94],"emulation.":[95],"A":[96],"careful":[97],"analysis":[98],"of":[99,125,138,181],"both":[100,136,182],"options":[101],"crucial":[103],"organizations":[105],"to":[106],"decide":[107],"best":[109],"suits":[110],"their":[111,161,165],"needs.":[112],"This":[113],"study":[114],"revisits":[115],"key":[116],"concepts":[117],"about":[118],"exposes":[120],"advantages":[122],"limitations":[124],"each":[126],"container":[127],"technology,":[128],"up-to-date":[132],"comparison":[134],"between":[135],"types":[137],"containers":[139],"(applicational":[140],"vs.":[141],"system).":[142],"Using":[143],"extensive":[144],"benchmarks":[145],"well-known":[147],"workload":[148],"metrics":[149],"CPU":[152],"scores,":[153],"disk":[154],"speed,":[155],"network":[157],"throughput,":[158],"we":[159],"assess":[160],"quantify":[164],"overhead.":[167],"Our":[168],"results":[169],"show":[170],"clear":[172],"overall":[173],"trend":[174],"toward":[175],"meritorious":[176],"maturity":[180],"technologies":[183],"(Docker":[184],"LXD),":[186],"low":[188],"scalable":[191],"performance.":[192],"Notably,":[193],"shows":[195],"greater":[196],"stability":[197],"consistent":[199],"variability.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
